Transcript 4 Chapter Review

4 Chapter Review
Mesopotamia and the Fertile
Crescent
What was the most sacred part
of a temple?
the sanctuary
Why do you think many
Egyptian temples had rows of
shinxes leading to the
entrance?
possible answer--as a symbolic
protection for the temple
Who was the Egyptian sun god?
What else did the main Egyptian
gods represent?
Re, or Amon-Re; underworld,
magic, sky, wisdom, earth
Which part of Egypt -Upper or
Lower- do you think was more
valuable to a ruler? Why?
possible answer-- Lower Egypt,
because it had the extremely
fertile delta and access to the
Mediterranean
How did the pharaoh's crown
display the unification of Egypt?
The pharaoh combined the
white crown of Upper Egypt
and the red crown of Lower
Egypt to symbolize his rule over
both lands
Where did the First Dynasty
extend its power? How did the
First Dynasty end?
great house
What may be some advantages and
disadvantages of such a large
segment of the population being
farmers, servants, and slaves?
possible answers-- advantages:
plenty of food and labor;
disadvantages: potential for
rebellion
How is the portrayal of Horus
connected to the god's function
in Egyptian mythology
He is pictured with the head of a
bird, which is appropriate for a
sky god.
What responsibilities did the
pharaoh have that balanced his
high status?
according to traditional belief,
make crops grow, keep people
healthy, make trade profitable,
prevent wars
Why might Egyptians have
worshipped the gods differently?
They built canals to direct the
Nile's water to the fields.
How did the Egyptians see the
afterlife?
as an ideal world where all the
people are young and healthy
How was the ka different from the
body?
The ka was not a physical entity,
but rather the person's life
force. It left the physical body at
death.
How much of Egypt's fertile
farmland was located in the
Nile Delta?
about two thirds
Why was it important to
Egyptians that the Nile's flooding
was consistent?
It provided a bountiful growing
season every year, and people
knew they could count on a
food supply in the future.
Why might the ruins of early
Egyptian settlements lack
evidence of protective walls?
because the desert, bodies of
water, and cataracts provided
natural protection from many
enemies
How would you expect a
pharaoh to be drawn on the
walls of his tomb?
He would be drawn as young,
happy, and doing the things he
enjoyed while alive.
Do you think Menes made a
good choice in building his
capital city at Memphis? Why
or why not?
possible answer--yes; because
it was in a fertile region but still
had the protection of being
inland
Define 'dynasty'
a series of rulers from the same
family
How did burial practices vary
among Egypt's social classes?
The elite were mummified,
while the peasants were buried
in shallow graves at the edge of
the desert, where the bodies
were preserved naturally.
How long did the Old Kingdom
last?
about 500 years, from 2700 to
2200 BC
Why did the Egyptian believe
it was important to preserve
the physical body?
If the body decayed, the ka
would not be able to receive
the food and drink it needed.
What is a mummy?
a preserved body that is wrapped
in cloth
What is the shape of a pyramid?
four triangle-shaped walls that
meet in a point on top
How would the invention of
large animal-drawn wheeled
vehicles have affected pyramid
construction?
possible answer--made
transporting the blocks of stone
much easier, cutting labor needs
and construction time
considerably
How did pyramid design
change?
Stepped pyramids evolved into
smooth-sided ones when steps
were filled in and the surface
covered with smooth
limestone.
Who made up the majority of
Egypt's population?
farmers and other peasants
Who drove the Hyksos out of
Egypt to start the New
Kingdom?
Ahmose of Thebes
What was the political order of
Egypt based on around 3200
BC?
wealthy farmers who emerged as
leaders
Why were the tunnels that
led to the pharaoh's burial
chamber sealed after his
death?
to protect it from invaders or
robbers
Why did the Egyptians want the
pyramids to be spectacular?
because they believed their
own fate in the afterlife
depended on the pharaoh's
afterlife
Why did the pharaohs value
talented architects?
Having well-designed pyramids
and temples made the pharaoh
powerful and, according to
Egyptian religion, ensured a happy
afterlife.
What did each symbol in the
hieroglyphic system represent?
one or more sounds in the
Egyptian language
What were some advantages of
using papyrus?
made of readily available
materials, tough, durable,
could be rolled into scrolls
Where were the Hykos from?
southwest Asia
Why do you think builders
placed obelisks at the gates of
temples?
possible answer--because
they pointed to the sky,
leading the way to the
afterlife.
Why was the discovery of King
Tutankhamen's tomb so
important?
possible answer--because they
pointed to the sky, leading the
way to the afterlife.
Why was the discovery of
King Tutankhamen's tomb so
important?
I had never been
disturbed by
tomb robbers
How did some people come
to be enslaved in Egypt?
convicted criminals or prisoners
captured in war
What may the Hykos conquest
indicate about Egypt's level of
technological advance?
Although the Egyptians
had built pyramids, they
may not have had
chariots or advanced
weapons.
Who was Hatshepsut?
a female ruler who expanded
trade and built great
monuments during the New
Kingdom
What might have happened if
large numbers of peasants
had refused to take part in
special duties, such as
working on the pyramids,
mining gold, and fighting in
the military?
possible answer--rebellion
crushed by the pharaoh, or his
power threatened
What were two reasons the
pharaohs' power declined at the
end of the Old Kingdom?
They did not collect enough
taxes to cover their expenses,
and ambitious nobles took
power from the pharaohs.
How might we have learned
about Egyptian toys and
games?
artifacts, art showing the toys or
games in use
What weakened the New
Kingdom?
fighting on several fronts,
including invasions of the
Hittites and the Sea Peoples
Why do you think leaders of
the New Kingdom wanted to
control all of the eastern
Mediterranean shore?
possible answers--protection
from invasion by peoples
beyond the region, had
valuable resources
What are the two types of
large structures created by
Egyptian architects
?
pyramids and temples
What special challenge faced
artists who painted a
pharaoh's burial chamber?
No natural light reached the
burial chamber, so artists had
to work by torchlight or
candlelight
.
What kinds of writing did
scribes do?
kept records and accounts for
the state, wrote and copied
religious and literary texts