Transcript Unit 2- Ch 4- Ancient Egypt and Kush PPx

BELL WORK
Chapter 2: Ancient Egypt
Warm-Up Activity
History Alive Experiential Exercise!
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Section 1: Geography of Ancient
Egypt
The Gift of the Nile
The Nile is the world’s longest river (4,000
miles long) beginning in central Africa and
running north to the Med. Sea
Upper Egypt has cataracts, strong rapids,
as you move further south
Lower Egypt includes the Nile River Delta,
which included the most fertile farmland
Lower and Upper Egypt?!
The Floods of the Nile
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Egypt’s climate- hot, dry, and desert-like
Regular, gentle flooding brought silt, which
made Egyptians able to farm better and live
more securely
Without this flooding, settlement would
have been impossible!
Civilization Develops
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Planted wheat, barley, fruits, and veggies
Raised cattle and sheep
Lots of fishing opportunities
Used irrigation
Geography provided natural protection with the
desert, Med. and Red Seas, and the cataracts
By 3200 BC, Egypt grew into 2 kingdoms: Upper
and Lower Egypt
Kings Unify Egypt
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3100 BC, Menes aka Narmer takes power in Upper E.
Invaded Lower Egypt and married the princess
Wore a white and red crown to symbolize his leadership
over both kingdoms
Menes is Egypt’s first pharaoh and founded Egypt’s first
dynasty, a line of rulers from the same family
Built the capital of Memphis
31 different dynasties would rule over Egypt
Section 2: The Old Kingdom
Early Egyptian Society
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Old Kingdom lasted from 2700 BC to 2200 BC
Believed pharaoh was both king and god and that
Egypt belonged to the gods
Pharaoh had absolute power and had many
responsibilities
Hired government officials to help carry out duties
Famous O.K. pharaoh- Khufu who built many
monuments
Social Structure
Pharaoh
Nobles (officials and
priests)
Scribes and Craftspeople
Farmers, Servants, and
Slaves (80% of pop.)
Egypt and Its Neighbors
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Sumerian and Nubian artwork influenced
the Egyptians
Traded with Nubia with gold, ivory, slaves
and stone
Also traded with Punt on the Red Sea to get
incense and myrrh (used for perfume and
medicine)
Traded wood with Syria
Egypt’s Religion
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Were polytheistic
Built many temples, which accepted payments
from all people
Certain cities became centers for specific gods (ex:
Memphis had Ptah, the creator of the world)
Gods represented natural things like the sun, sky,
and earth and had animal/human forms
Re, Horus, Isis, and Osiris were important gods
Emphasis on the Afterlife
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Afterlife- life after death
It was a happy place 
Your ka (life force) would leave your body
and become a spirit, but could not leave
burial site
People filled the tomb with everything the
ka would need like food, clothing, tools, etc.
Burial Practices
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The body had to be prepared and preserved
for the afterlife before burial
Developed embalming, which allowed the
body to be preserved for many years as
mummies, bodies wrapped in cloth
Embalming took several weeks and steps
Only the elite could afford to have
mummies made
The Pyramids
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Burial sites were also important
Pyramids were used as large tombs for the
pharaohs
Began being built during the Old Kingdom
Many are still standing today
Best known and largest is the Great Pyramid of
Khufu
Are amazing feats of engineering, application of
scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
The Great Pyramid
481 feet tall!!!! Used 2 million
stone blocks
WIO
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Write a step-by-step Comic Strip for
“Making a Mummy”. Use the details in
your book and use the following
vocabulary:
Bell Work
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Section 3: The Middle and New
Kingdoms
The Middle Kingdom
200 years of confusion followed the Old Kingdom
b/c nobles battled each other for power
Middle Kingdom began in 2050 BC with the rule
of Mentuhotep II and lasted until 1750 BC
The Hyksos invaded in the mid-1700s BC with
chariots and advanced weapons
Mid-1500s BC- Ahmose drove out the Hyksos
The New Kingdom
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New Kingdom: 1550 BC to 1050 BC
Egypt reaches its height of power during this
period
To better protect itself, Egypt invades other lands
including the Hyksos, Syria, the eastern shore of
the Med. Sea, and Kush
Conquests made Egypt rich because they had to
send tribute to Egypt
The Assyrians, Babylonians, and Hittites also sent
Egypt wealth to keep up good relations
Growth and its Effects on Trade
Conquests also helped Egypt improve trade
as they came into contact with more lands
and gained more resources
• Trade routes developed
• Queen Hatshepsut increased trade with
Punt, Asia Minor, and Greece
• She used the wealth to support arts and
architecture
Ex: Temple of Hatshepsut at Thebes
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Temple of Hatshepsut
Invasions of Egypt
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Ramses the Great defended Egypt successfully
against the Hittites and formed the first peace
treaty with them.
Ramses fought off the Tehenu from the west and
built forts for defense
After Ramses’ death, the Sea Peoples were turned
away by Egypt after 50 years of fighting
Egypt itself remained intact, but it lost its empire
and the New Kingdom ends
Work and Daily Life
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Scribes: held an honored position, worked
for the government and temples, kept
records and accounts, wrote texts, no taxes!
Artisans, Artists, and Architects: required
advanced skills and included people like
sculptors, builders, jewelers etc., worked for
the government and temples
Work and Daily Life (cont)
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Soldiers: part of a professional arm,
received land as payment and could keep
captured treasure, could become officers
Farmers and Peasants: made up the majority
of Egyptian pop., worked together to plant
and gather the harvest, gave crops to
pharaoh as taxes, would work for the
pharaoh on building projects when the Nile
flooded
Work and Daily Life (cont)
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Slaves: worked on farms, building projects,
and in households. Had some legal rights
and could earn their freedom.
Family Life
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Men married young to start families
Women took care of the home and children, but
some could serve as priestesses, administrators, or
artisans. Had legal rights such as owning
property, making contracts, and divorce!
Most children received an education where they
learned morals, writing, math, and sports
At 14, boys left school to enter their father’s job
BELL WORK
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Section 4: Egyptian
Achievements
Writing
Hieroglyphics- Egyptian writing system
that used picture symbols to represent
sounds
Made papyrus- a paper-like material made
from reeds that they wrote on using brushes
and ink
Included more than 600 symbols
Can be written horizontally or vertically
The Rosetta Stone
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Archaeologists didn’t know how to read
hieroglyphics for many years
AD 1799- a French soldier found the
Rosetta Stone, which had Egyptian
hieroglyphics, Greek, and a later form of
Egyptian that all said the same message
This made historians able to translate
ancient Egyptian!
Egyptian Texts
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Used hieroglyphics in government and
historical records
Scientific texts
Calendar
Medical manuals
Stories, poems, mythological tales
The Book of the Dead that tells about the
afterlife
Egyptian Temples
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Temples were the homes of the gods
Contained rows of sphinxes, which have
bodies of lions and heads of other animals
or humans
Also had obelisks, which are tall, 4-sided
pillars with a pointed top
The insides were decorated with paintings,
hieroglyphics, and statues of gods and
pharaohs
Temple of Karnak
Temple of Ramses II
Egyptian Art
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Painted scenes on canvas, papyrus, pottery,
plaster, and wood
Detailed works also covered temple walls and
tombs
Show historical events and religious rituals
Were also skilled stoneworkers
Worked with gold and other precious stones to
make jewelry and burial items
The tomb of King Tut was a major treasure find
filled with jewelry, robes, statues, etc.
Examples of Egyptian Art