Transcript Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt
Geography
• The Nile:
– Longest river in the
world
– Very fertile along the
river banks.
– Egyptians called the
fertile land – Kemet
(Black Land)
• Provided for:
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Irrigation and drinking
Transportation
Silt for crops
Religious activities
Irrigation:
Upper Nile River
• Upper Egypt:
– The river valley was
very wide in some
areas.
– High cliffs and
mountains.
Lower Nile River:
• Lower Egypt:
– Nile Delta
– Flat area with a lot of
good farmland.
– Outlet to the sea was
important for trade.
Deserts:
• Deserts were called
Deshret. (Red Land)
– On western side was
the Libyan Desert.
– Provided granite,
marble, many oases,
natron (type of salt)
• On eastern side was
the Arabian Desert.
– Provided gold, gems,
copper
– Both deserts provided
protection from an
enemy.
Class Work:
• Read pages 75 and 76 in the text book.
• Answer questions 1 a, b, c, and 2a on page 77.
• Bonus: Find out the answer to question 4 for
homework. Give your answer tomorrow.
Question 1:
1a) The Nile:
-Water for irrigation and drinking, -Silt for the fields
-Highway to link communities, -Flooding very predictable (the
agricultural calendar was set according to the annual flood)
b) The Deserts:
-Rich in minerals (gold, gems, copper for weapons, building
materials such as granite, marble, quartzite, slate)
-The Libyan Desert had six oases (fertile areas) called wadis
Which were important suppliers of: wine, embalming salt (natron),
a natural barrier from invasions, insulator from outside influences
c) Mediterranean: Important for trade and cultural exchange
Question 2:
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Upper Egypt Landscape:
Known as the Nile River Valley
Single stream flow of the Nile River south towards Cairo
Deep trench with cliffs on each side (several hundred meters high)
Obvious to people in the area how much they depended on the Nile; deserts
in plain view (deserts were protection from invasion)
• Lower Egypt Landscape:
• Known as the Nile Delta
• River separates into branches toward Mediterranean Sea creating fertile
triangular plain
• Black and flat land, often swampy, but lots of pasture land
• Even more isolated and protected from land invasions
Pre-dynastic Period:
• Upper and Lower Egypt started as separate
kingdoms, but were united under one leader:
King Menes
• This started the first Egyptian dynasty.
(A succession of family rulers.)
• Developed the irrigation systems and a form of
writing.
Hieroglyphs
• Means ‘sacred
carvings’.
• At first, Egyptians
used a picture to
represent a word.
• Changed to one
symbol to represent
one sound.
• Hieroglyphs were
carved onto
nameplates or seals
called cartouches.
• Wrote from right to
left, did not use
punctuation or
capitalization.
Old Kingdom (2650 BCE)
• Age of the Pyramids
• King Djoser had the first
monumental stone
building built.
• The Step Pyramid
at Saqqara.
• Symbolic stairway
to heaven.
• Pyramids were built as tombs for the
pharaohs and their queens.
• 80 pyramids along the Nile.
• The 1st and largest was built by Pharaoh
Khufu at Giza.
Why pyramids?
• It was believed that
the sunbeams led the
pharaoh to Ra (sun
god).
• Limestone covered
the outside and
shimmered in the sun
and moonlight.
• Sides are aligned with
the compass points.
• 2 300 000 stone
blocks
• Construction lasted
30 years during the
winter months
Make your own cartouche:
• Using the hieroglyphic
alphabet provided,
design your own
cartouche.
• Be creative, colourful
and have fun with it.
• 10 marks
The Guardian of Giza (The Sphinx):
• Faces east (towards
sunrise)
• Shaped like a lion
with the pharaoh’s
head. (Khufu)
• Carved out of the
bedrock.
• (This is the largest
one, but there are
many others.)
• Paws are 50 ft. and
the body is 100 ft long
• Head is 30 ft high.
• Doors in the body
lead to underground
passages.
Myths about the Sphinx:
• A map to the lost city of Atlantis is buried
under its paws.
• There is a temple to the gods under it.
• There is a UFO buried in the sand
between the Sphinx and the Great
Pyramid.
The Riddle of the Sphinx:
• What animal walks on all fours in the morning,
two legs at noon and three legs at night?
Queen Hatshepsut
Textbook page 85:
• 1. How was Hatshepsut able to seize the
throne?
• 2. How would you describe her period of rule?
• 1. First, she served as regent (co-ruler)
for her step son, then she seized it with
the backing of several high court officials
and priests.
• 2. Her reign was a peaceful period of
efficient government, expanded foreign
trade, and artistic rebirth.
Textbook page 86:
1. What was a strong physical characteristic of
the Ramses’ pharaohs?
2. How many wives/children did Ramses II have?
3. Ramses made the world’s first non-aggression
treaty with his former enemy, the Hittite
empire, describe the details of this agreement.
4. What did Ramses II do to ensure his
immortality? (Why is he so famous compared
to other pharaohs?)
1. A large, hooked nose.
2. He was married to over 90 wives and fathered
more than 100 children.
3. They agreed not to attack each other again, and
to help each other if they were attacked by
another enemy.
4. He exaggerated his claims to bravery and valour.
When he was defeated by the Hittites, he had
inscriptions carved stating that he was victorious.
He had his name inscribed on monuments built by
earlier pharaohs. He built more monuments to
himself than any other pharaoh.
Ramses II (Ramses the Great):
Social Structure (pages 103-104):
• Find three points about each of the following:
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A) Pharaoh
B) Nobles and Military Leaders
C) Priest and Scribes
D) Crafters
E) Peasant Farmers
F) Slaves
A) Pharaoh:
• “Pharaoh” = “great house”, title passed to 1st son of chief wife.
• Seen as a living god, pinnacle of society.
• Owner of all lands, citizens, armies etc
B) Nobles and military leaders:
• Highest administrative positions, inherited through generations
• Oversaw property/storehouses of a god, worked for pharaoh
• Supervised construction works for the government
C) Priests and scribes:
• Educated class, could read/write hieroglyphics.
• Performed religious functions, collected taxes, kept records.
wrote reports, educated the young, organized army rations
• Called “white kilt class” due to their clothes/style of dress.
D) Crafters:
• Weavers, potters, brick-makers, jewelers, carpenters, stonemasons,
silversmiths, and goldsmiths.
• Some worked in cities, others in palace of pharoah
• Produced the goods taken into foreign territories by traders
E) Peasant farmers:
• Common people, mostly illiterate.
• Attached to estate of the pharaoh, a temple, or rich landowner.
• Pay was just enough to live by, heavily taxed, high rent.
F) Slaves:
• Prisoners of war brought back by army
• Women and children did housework, males worked as soldiers, farmers or
maintenance laborers around the household.
• Could own property /rent land! Could even be set free if master decided.
Work for this week:
• 1) Answer the assigned questions (on the
chalkboard) and hand in for Friday. (Title page)
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2) Work on individual project
-Choose topic (Not #8, 1 for 1st choice, 2 for 2nd etc)
-Choose format (Any one that fits)
-Research using textbook and library books
-Discuss your ideas with Mr. Jessome
-Due Monday (Presentations begin on that day)
The New Kingdom (1500 BCE)
• “The Age of the Empire”
• Egypt is considered the ancient world’s
strongest empire.
• Increased their standing armies and built
permanent fortress towns along the Nile
River and the Nile Delta.
Thutmose II and Thutmose III
Thutmose II’s Military Innovations:
• Highly organized military
• Slaves forced to be soldiers
• Leather body armour with metal scales
• Large shields for chariot soldiers
Thutmose III:
• Great military ruler; mighty empire
• Led his armies on military campaigns into Asia
every year for 20 years
• Enlarged the empire (slaves, copper, gold,
ivory, ebony)
• Brought P.O.W.’s (children and foreign princes)
back to Egypt
Amenhotep IV
Biggest change he made in Egypt’s history:
• He switched the religion from polytheistic to
monotheistic.
(Change from worshipping many gods to worshipping
only one god)
--He declared that his people could only worship one
god; the sun disc named Aten.
– He changed his name to Akhenaten and claimed he
was equal to the sun god.
A New Theory About the Long Faced Pharaoh:
• 1. Why was Akhenaten unusual?
• 2. How has science contributed to our
understanding of Akhenaten’s appearance?
• 3. How might the religion of Egypt have been
influenced by a genetic disorder?
• *Answer in complete sentences and hand these
in to me when finished along with the article.
No title page required. Do not mark on the
article.
King Tutankhamen: “King Tut”
King Tutankhamen
• His tomb was found in 1922 by Howard Carter.
• Son of Akhenaton and a lesser wife.
• He was just 9 years old when he became the
Pharaoh.
• He ruled with the help of trusted adult advisors.
• Tried to erase or reverse
all of the changes brought
by his father Akhenaten.
• Built new temples to once
again worship all of the
gods.
• He changed his own name
to remove the “aten” from
it. (He was born with the
name Tutankanaten).
Why is Tut so famous?
• Most significant tomb
found in Valley of the
Kings.
• Most intact and most
valuable.
• Miracle the tomb was
even found.
Howard Carter with Tut’s Mummy:
The Curse of Tut’s Tomb…
• “Death Shall Come on Swift Wings To Him
Who Disturbs the Peace of the King…”
• This was supposedly engraved on the
exterior of King Tutankhamen’s Tomb
• There have been several theories to explain how
he died-some suggest murder, some illness.
King Tut Articles:
1. What evidence is there from the articles to suggest that
king tut was murdered?
2. What evidence is there from the articles to suggest that
king Tut was not murdered?
3. Which theory do you believe to be correct?
4. Explain why you feel this way.
Answer these questions in complete sentences and hand in
to me. Do not mark on the articles and return them as well.
Death and the Afterlife:
• Egyptians believed in an “afterlife”.
• Mummifications were believed to
preserve the body for the afterlife.
• A person was believed to be divided
into several elements upon their
death:
• The “Ha”:
• The physical body
• (Preserved through
mummification)
• The “Ka”:
• The Life force
(Lived in the tomb for
all eternity & needed
a body to inhabit.)
• The “Ba”:
• Personality
• (Symbolized by a
bird with a human
head)
Mummification Process:
• Took 70 days from start to finish.
• Process was performed by a priest and
his assistants.
• The priest wore the mask of Anubis.
• (Jackal headed god
of mummification.)
• There were 7 main steps:
• 1. Cleaned and purified the body.
• 2. Removed inner organs: lungs,
liver, stomach, intestines to also
be mummified.
• 3. Removed the
brain……with a hook!
• 4. Placed the body
on a slanted table so
bodily fluids would
drain out.
• Covered body with
natron.
• Left for 40 days.
• 5. Natron removed
–Body washed.
–Stuffed with
linens, sawdust,
lichen (moss).
• 6. Wrapped the
body with linens.
–Poured resin
and/or beeswax
over the linens.
–Placed jewelry
and charms
inside the linens.
• 7. The wrapped
body was placed
inside a
mummiform coffin.
• A funeral mask
was placed over
the face and then
the entire coffin
was put inside a
sarcophagus.
• The internal
organs that were
dried out were
put inside jars.
• These went in
the tomb with the
mummy.
King Tut
Test on Egypt:
• -Importance of the Nile -Upper vs Lower Egypt
• -Deserts -Pre-dynastic period -Hieroglyphics
-Old Kingdom -Pyramids -The Sphinx
• -Assigned questions from pages 77, 85, 86,
103-104
• -New kingdom (Thutmose 2 and 3, Amenhotep,
King Tut)
• -Death and afterlife
• -Mummification process