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CHAPTER 2 SECTION 1 Mesopotamia FERTILE CRESCENT Land between the Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Sea in SW Asia MESOPOTAMIA Means land between two rivers (EUphrates & Tigris) Located in Iraq TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVERS (SUMERIANS) Region of rich soil Irrigation Silt (rich soil) LIMITED RESOURCES IN THE MESOPOTAMIA 4 DISADVANTAGES a. unpredictable rivers b. no natural barriers c. limited natural resources d. dependent upon trade SUMERIANS CITY-STATES A city and it’s surrounding land Functions as an independent country 5 CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIVILIZATION 1. Advanced cities 2. specialized workers 3. complex institution 4. record keeping 5. advanced technology CULTURAL DIFFUSION Sumerians absorbing new ideas with the interaction of other people ZIGGURAT Sumerian temple Religious belief – polytheism Sacrificed animals Their gods were the same as humans love, bearing children, quarreling, etc SOCIAL CLASSES OF SUMERIANS 1. Priests and Kings 2. Wealthy merchants 3. Working class 4. Slaves (captured in war) INVENTIONS Wheel Plow Sail First to use bronze First system of writing Number system based on 60 ARCHITECTURAL INNOVATIONS Ziggurat Arches Columns Ramps Sumerian Ziggurat Sumerian Arches Sumerian Columns Sumerian Ramp BABYLONIANS EMPIRE Brings together several peoples, nations, or previously independent states under the control of one ruler. BABYLONIAN EMPIRE’S RULER Hammurabi Hammurabi’s Code of Laws 282 laws “Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth” Example of Hammurabi’s Code of Laws If any one brings an accusation of any crime before the elders, and does not prove what he has charged, he shall, if a capital offense is charged, be put to death. Babylonian innovations Astrology System of numbers CHAPTER 2 SECTION 2 Egyptians NILE RIVER Longest river in the world 4100 miles long Flows north Cataracts effects travel NILE DELTA DESCRIBE THE SEASONAL CYCLE OF FLOODING July – rains and melting snow from the mountains of east and central Africa cause the Nile to flood October – Nile recedes and leaves behind a rich deposit of soil HERODOTUS Ancient Greek historian – wrote about ancient Egypt “All Egypt is the gift of the Nile” Importance of flooding Worshipping the Nile ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES OF THE NILE Nile River was predictable If the Nile floodwaters were short, the people could starve If the Nile floodwaters were excessive it could ruin their villages MENES – UNITED EGYPT INTO A KINGDOM King of Egypt United lower and upper Egypt Capital was Memphis 3100 B.C. DYNASTY Series of rulers from a single family Created by Menes 31 dynasties over 2800 years (90 years per dynasty) 5th Dynasty PHARAOHS Kings of Egypt are know as Pharaohs Political leaders and representatives of the gods Caused the sun to rise, Nile to flood, crops to grow, good things in life came from the Pharaohs PYRAMIDS The home after death of a Pharaoh Built by the peasants Worked for the glory of their god-king 80 pyramids stand today THEOCRACY Pharaohs were the head of the government and religion KA (eternal spirit) Egyptian believed that their king ruled even after his death PYRAMIDS Resting place after death of the King/Queen GREAT PYRAMID AT GIZA 2 million stone blocks (each block weighed 2 ½ tons) Stacked with precision to a height of 481 feet Structure covers 13 acres KING TUTANKHAMON (most famous pyramid) Boy King of Egypt Came to the throne at age 8 and died at 17 Tomb was uncovered in 1922 by British archaeologist, Howard Carter Wealth of gold in his tomb Recreated picture of King Tutankhamon MUMMIFICATION Egyptians believed that their Pharaohs ruled even after death He had an eternal spirit called the ka Description of preserving the body SOCIAL CLASSES Royal family Upper Middle Lower Slaves HIEROGLYPHICS Means sacred carving Pictures represented things PAPYRUS A reed that grew in the marshy delta of the Nile Split the reeds into narrow strips, soak them, and press them into sheets of papylike material The English word paper comes from papyrus SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Number system Geometry – for surveying and measuring areas Origin of geometry Calendar – 12 months, 30 days per month, 5 days for holidays and feasting Medicine –worked with heart rate, broken bones, wounds, and fevers Number System Geometry was used to build the pyramids Calendar SECTION 3 Planned Cities on the Indus MOUNTAINS Hindu Kush Mountains – north of India Karakoram Mountains – north of India Himalayas Mountains – northwest of India RIVERS Indus River: northwest of India Ganges River: northeast of India PLAINS Indus-Ganges Plain ( northwest of India) PLATEAU Deccan – central part of India MONSOONS Seasonal winds October to May: winter monsoons blow in from the northeast with dry air June: spring monsoons from the southwest carries moisture from the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean SETTLEMENT/BUILDINGS (Planned Cities) Mohenjo-Daro and Harrappa Featured a fortified area call a citadel Uniform housing using a grid system Brick buildings with plumbing and sewer systems RELIGIOUS BELIEFS Worshipped major Indian god Shiva – ”destroyer” Mother goddess (figure that they worship) Fertility images (figure that they worship) Cattle (figure that they worship) End of the Indus Valley culture Civilization declined Invaded by other groups of people Wore out their natural resources river changed it’s course SECTION 4 CHINA GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES Huang He and Yangtze Rivers (loess – fertile soil) Plateau of Tibet Gobi Desert Mongolian Plateau Himalaya Mountains ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES Flooding of the Huang He Geographic isolation Monsoons SETTLEMENTS Walled cities Elaborate palaces Tombs Timber-framed homes SOCIAL CLASSES Warrior-Nobles Peasants ROLE OF THE FAMILY Central authority in Chinese society Elderly had special privileges Women treated as inferior RELIGIOUS BELIEFS Worshipped spirits of family members, supreme god, and lesser gods WRITING SYSTEM Over 10,000 characters Each represented an idea TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES Manufactured weapons and religious items bronzework ARTISTRY Embroidered silk clothing