Transcript Ancient History

Ancient History
Early History
• Scientists:
• Archaeologistsscientists who dig for
artifacts and traces of
early settlements
• Artifacts are humanmade objects
• Anthropologistsscientists who study
people’s cultural behavior
• Culture-people’s unique
way of life including
customs, family life, and
social relationships
Early History
• Those who could walk
upright are called
hominids
• Prehistory is the time
before the
development of
writing
Early History
• Origin of man is Africa and man migrated out
Early History
• The next evolution of
hominids?
• Bones found in
Neander Valley in
Germany =
Neanderthals
Early History
• The next version? =
Cro-Magnon
• Closely resemble us
• The common picture for the cave man
RECIPES
• R-Religion (how people relate to the unknown)
• E-Economic (how people made a living)
• C-Cultural (how people express themselves
using painting, sculptures, music, dance,
theater, and literature)
• I-Intellectual (how people think or what they
invent in science, math, philosophy, or tech)
• P-Political (how people are governed)
• E-Environmental (physical places where
people are
• S-Social (how people organize in society)
Early History
• Paleolithic Age (Early Stone Age)mastered fire, development of language,
created art and invented stone tools
• No Civilization started because people
were just trying to survive
Early History
• People who move place to place to search
for food = Nomads
• They were hunter-gatherers
– Males hunted
– Females gathered
– Small groups and small bodies
Cave Paintings
• The first works of art
Early History
• Neolithic Age
• During the Neolithic
Revolution, people
developed agriculture
• Agriculture was
developed at the
different times in
different parts of the
world
• Plow invented
• Wheel invented
Early History
• Agriculture will lead to development of
villages
• Why?
Early History
• All early civilizations developed in river valleys
Early History
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Civilization Characteristics:
Advanced cities
Specialized workers
Complex institutions
Record keeping
Advanced technology
Early History
• Cultural Diffusion: Borrowing or
exchanging of goods and ideas between
peoples
Sumer
• Oldest civilization developed in the Fertile
Crescent between 2 rivers: Tigris and Euphrates
• Between 2 rivers is called Mesopotamia
Sumer
• Governed by theocracy (led by religious
leaders or a divine leader)
• Barter- exchange goods for other goods
• Sumer started Bronze Age.
Sumer
• Pyramid shaped temples of Sumer society Ziggurat
• Compare to a pyramid.
Sumerians later
• Created irrigation-bringing
of water to crops by using
canals and ditches
• City State was formed
where a city controls the
area around the city
• Kings started dynasties
(kids inherit)
Writing
• Sumer developed the first writing system called
cuneiform
• Created Gilgamesh hero of the world’s oldest epic
Sumer’s Religion
• Polytheisticbelieved in many
gods
– Enlil most powerful
(sky and cloud god)
– Wicked Udugs (lowest
gods)
– Believed in roughly of
3000 gods
Sumer Culture
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Agriculture economy
Windowless box houses
Can move up in society
Slaves (prisoners of war or children sold to
pay debts) can work to become free
• Women could own property and join lower
ranks of priesthood, but most were
uneducated
• Invented number system with a base of 60
Art of Sumer
Sargon of Akkad
• Created world’s first empire (many different people,
cultures, and nations under one ruler)
Akkad
• Borrower Empire-takes over a country
and adopts their culture
Code of Hammurabi
• Hammurabi was king of Babylon
• First written code of laws
• The principal was “eye for an eye”
Egypt
• Civilization started on the Nile River
Egypt continued
• Menes unites upper and lower Egypt and
started the Old Kingdom
• Egypt was ruled by pharaohs (god-kings).
They led the religion and government.
• Pyramids built as a tomb for the dead
pharaohs
Egyptian Culture
• Polytheistic
– More than 2000 gods
– High God is Ra
– Death God is Osiris and his wife Issis
• Egyptians could move up in society
• Slavery was used
• Women were almost equal
– Could own property
– Could divorce and receive 1/3 of property
Mummies
•Pull brain out of nostrils with iron hook
•With sharp stone they would cut you on the side
and take out your bowels
•They would remove your organs and put them in
jars
•Fill you up with spices and perfume and sew you
up.
•Leave you in a preserver for 70 days then wrap
you
Writing
• Egyptians used
hieroglyphics where
pictures were used to
show ideas and
sound
Rosetta Stone
• The way to read hieroglyphics was lost for 1000’s
of years until Napoleon found the Rosetta Stone
which allowed us to decipher the pictures
The Fall of Egypt
• Group of Asians called Hyksos came with
chariots and took over the Egyptian
Civilization.
Egyptian Empire
• Pharaohs overthrew the Hyksos
• The New Kingdom (rulers after the Hyksos)
started to expand Egypt
Great Egyptian Pharaohs
• Hatshepsut: First Women ruler
• Thutmose III expanded Egypt through war
• Others
– Nefertiti (Rachel Wiez in the “Mummy”)
– Akenaton (monotheistic ruler)
– King Tut (grave untouched)
Ramses II
• Ramses II was the last great
pharaoh
Egypt Declines
• Unknown group called “People of the Sea”
attacked Egypt and the Hittites weakening
them further
• Egypt eventually faded
Kush move
• Arrival of the
Assyrians forced the
Kushites to flee to
Meroe and started a
trading empire there
Assyria
• With a large and organized military, Assyria
conquered the Fertile Crescent and Egypt
Assyria
• Destroyer EmpireThey destroyed all
cultures of other
peoples
• Its capital was
Nineveh
• Under Assyrian king
Ashurbanipal,
Nineveh had the
largest library in the
world
Fall of Assyria
• Combined army
attacked Assyria and
burned down Nineveh
• The fire glazed the
tablets, so they were
preserved for
archaeologists to find
New Babylon Empire
• Nebuchadnezzar restored the city
• The Hanging Gardens of Babylon is one of the
seven wonders of the world
Judaism
• God chose Abraham to
be the father of the
Hebrew people and he
made a covenant with
him
• The Hebrew’s God was
called Yahweh and they
believed in him only=
Monotheistic
Judaism
• The Hebrews
migrated to Egypt
where they were
enslaved
• Moses led the Exodus
out of Egypt
Judaism
• After much fighting, only one large tribe left
(Judah=called Jews)
• The Hebrews united under 3 kings to form Israel
– Saul (first king)
– David (beat Goliath and great warrior)
– Solomon (greatest of all Israeli kings)
Judaism
• After Solomon, the
kingdom divides into 2
– Israel in the North
– Judah in the South
Judaism
• Assyria conquers Israel
• New Babylon under Nebuchadnezzar destroys
Judah
– Destroyed the Temple
• Cyrus of Persia allowed the Hebrews to return and
rebuild the Temple
Writings of the Hebrews
• Torah-first five books of the Old
Testament
• Ten Commandments- laws handed to
Moses
Traditional Economic Systems
• Reliance of labor of the entire family, with
distinct economic roles for each