Transcript Glencoe World History Modern Times

How does geography
influence civilization?
The first civilizations developed near
rivers. Rivers provided water for
irrigation and rich soil to sustain
successful agriculture needed to
feed growing populations. Egyptian
civilization developed along the Nile.
Remnants of this early civilization,
such as Ramses II’s temple Abu
Simbel, can still be seen today.
• Why did ancient civilizations
develop near rivers?
• What geographical features led to
the settlement of your city or
state?
The First Humans
How does agriculture affect
our society?
Western Asia and
Egypt
What factors contribute to
a stable and lasting
civilization?
The BIG Idea
Physical Geography After Homo sapiens sapiens
spread throughout the world, the development of
systematic agriculture led to the rise of early
civilizations.
Content Vocabulary
• hominid
• systematic agriculture
• Neolithic
Revolution
• civilization
Academic Vocabulary
• survive
• revolution
People and Places
• Africa
• Homo sapiens
• Neanderthals
• Homo sapiens sapiens
Before History
Scientists use fossils and artifacts as
clues to how early humans lived.
Before History (cont.)
• Hominids are the earliest humanlike
creatures that first appeared in Africa four
million years ago.
• Types of early hominids:
− Australopithecus
• “southern ape”
Evidence of Early Humans
Before History (cont.)
− Homo erectus
• “upright human”
• lived 1.8 million to 100,000 years ago
− Homo sapiens
• “wise human”
Evidence of Early Humans
Before History (cont.)
− Neanderthals
• descended from Homo sapiens
• lived between 100,000 B.C. and 30,000 B.C.
• used stone tools and buried their dead
− Homo sapiens sapiens
• “wise, wise human”
• descended from Homo sapiens
• first to have modern anatomy
Evidence of Early Humans
Before History (cont.)
• appeared in Africa between 150,000 and
200,000 years ago
• spread around the globe, in search of food and
hunting grounds
• all human life belongs to this subgroup of
human beings
• The Paleolithic Age is the period in which
humans used simple stone tools.
Evidence of Early Humans
The Neolithic Revolution
Civilization developed from the
agricultural revolution of the
Neolithic Age.
The Neolithic Revolution (cont.)
• The Neolithic Revolution was marked by
the shift from hunting of animals and
gathering of food to systematic agriculture.
• As a result of a steady food supply, Neolithic
people began living in settled communities.
Spread of Farming
The Neolithic Revolution (cont.)
• Villages became more complex and
societies began to create armies, build
walled cities, and develop into more complex
cultures.
The Neolithic Revolution (cont.)
• Historians have identified the basic
characteristics of civilizations; six of the
most important:
− Cities
− Social structure
− Government
− Writing
− Religion
− Art
The BIG Idea
Ideas, Beliefs, and Values Ancient civilizations rose
along rivers in Western Asia and Egypt and gave
humankind new technologies and belief systems.
Content Vocabulary
• city-state
• Judaism
• empire
• monotheistic
• dynasty
Academic Vocabulary
• innovations
• transport
People and Places
• Tigris River
• Upper Egypt
• Euphrates River
• Menes
• Fertile Crescent
• King Solomon
• Sargon
• Jerusalem
• Hammurabi
• Cyrus
• Nile River
• Royal Road
• Lower Egypt
Ancient Mesopotamia
City-states were the basic units within
the earliest civilizations in
Mesopotamia.
Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.)
• Mesopotamia was located in a valley
between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
• The Fertile Crescent was an area of rich
farmland. By using irrigation and drainage
ditches, farmers were able to grow an
abundance of crops.
• The Sumerians created the first civilization in
Mesopotamia around 3000 B.C.
Ancient Mesopotamia
Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.)
• The basic units of Sumerian society were
independent city-states.
• The Sumerians believed that rulers derived
their power form the gods, making it a
theocracy.
• Sargon led the Akkadians to defeat the
Sumerian city-states and set up the first
empire in world history.
• After the fall of the Akkadian empire,
Hammurabi came to power.
Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.)
• The Code of Hammurabi was a collection of
written laws based on system of strict
justice.
• The Code of Hammurabi covered:
− Criminal offenses
− Duties of public officials
− Consumer protection laws
− Marriage and family
Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.)
• The Sumerians created cuneiform, the
oldest writing system.
• Writing allowed Mesopotamian peoples to
keep records and to communicate ideas with
others.
Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.)
• Sumerians invented many other
technological innovations.
− Wagon wheel
− Potter’s wheel
− Sundial
− The arch in construction
− Bronze metalwork
Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.)
• Sumerians also made great achievements in
mathematics, geometry, and astronomy.
Ancient Egypt
Located along the Nile, Egyptian
society thrived during three major
historical periods called kingdoms.
Ancient Egypt (cont.)
• The Nile River is the longest river on the
earth. The Nile River splits into two major
branches before it empties into the
Mediterranean forming a triangular delta.
− Lower Egypt is the land in the Nile Delta.
− Upper Egypt is the land upstream, to the
south of the delta.
The Geography of Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt (cont.)
• In 3100 B.C., King Menes united Upper and
Lower Egypt into a single kingdom and
created the first royal dynasty.
Ancient Egypt (cont.)
• The Old Kingdom
− The Old Kingdom was an age of prosperity
and was ruled by powerful monarchs
called pharaohs.
− Pyramids were built to honor the dead.
The largest pyramid was built for King
Khufu at Giza.
− Egyptians practiced mummification to
preserve the physical body, so the spirit
could return to it.
Ancient Egypt (cont.)
• The Middle Kingdom
− The Middle Kingdom was a golden age of
stability.
− Pharaohs became concerned for the
people and undertook public works to aid
farming and trade.
− The Middle Kingdom ended with an
invasion of Egypt by the Hyksos from
western Asia.
Ancient Egypt (cont.)
• The New Kingdom
− The New Kingdom began after the Hyksos
were defeated and Egypt was reunited.
− This period was marked by militarism, and
Egypt became the most powerful state in
Southwest Asia.
− After the collapse of the New Kingdom,
Egypt was dominated by several groups
and eventually became a Roman province.
Ancient Egypt (cont.)
• Egyptian society structured like a pyramid.
− Pharaoh
− Upper class: priests, nobles, government
officials
− Middle class: merchants, artisans, scribes,
tax collectors
− Lower class: peasants, farmers
Ancient Egypt (cont.)
• The Egyptians used hieroglyphics as their
system of writing. Hieroglyphics consisted of
pictures and abstract forms that were used
on the walls of temples and tombs.
• Hieratic script was a simplified version of
writing used for business transactions and
record keeping. It was written on papyrus.
• The Egyptians made many advances in
architecture, mathematics, medicine, and
science. They created a 365-day calendar
and doctors treated wounds and diseases.