Transcript Ancient Egyptian Leadership - Ms Bergman's Class Website

Leadership
in
Each level of society is connected to the Pharaoh
PHARAOH
Earthly leader; considered a god
HIGH PRIESTS AND PRIESTESSES
Served gods and goddesses
NOBLES
Fought pharaoh’s wars
MERCHANTS, SCRIBES, AND ARTISANS
Made furniture, jewelry & fabrics for
pharaohs & nobles, & provided for other needs
PEASANT FARMERS AND SLAVES
Worked in the fields and served the pharaoh
• Early Dynastic (2920-2575)- unification of upper and
lower Egypt into a single Kingdom by Pharaoh Narmer
• Old Kingdom- (2575-2134 BC)- development of
despotic Pharonic dynasties- construction of Pyramids
• 1st Intermediate- (2134-2040 BC)- Chaos and disunity
• Middle Kingdom- (2040-1640 BC)- reestablishment of
Kingdom with Thebes as political center- beginning of
powerful cult of Amun
• 2nd Intermediate- (1640-1530 BC)- Hyksos invasion
• New Kingdom- (1530-1070 BC)- Imperial period
(Valley of the Kings)
• Late Period- (1070-332 BC)- decline of Kingdom;
conquest by Alexander the Great
OLD
KINGDOM
Pharaohs organized a
strong central state,
were absolute rulers,
and were considered
gods.
Egyptians built
pyramids at Giza.
Power struggles, crop
failures, and cost of
pyramids contributed
to the collapse of the
Old Kingdom.
MIDDLE
KINGDOM
Large drainage project
created arable
farmland.
Traders had contacts
with Middle East and
Crete.
Corruption and
rebellions were
common.
Hyksos invaded &
occupied the delta
region.
NEW
KINGDOM
Powerful pharaohs
created a large
empire
that reached the
Euphrates River.
Hatshepsut
encouraged trade.
Ramses II expanded
Egyptian rule to
Syria.
Egyptian power
declined.
Pharaohs
You can find the Pharaoh by looking for
one of his 3 crowns.
Deshret – The Red Crown of
Lower Egypt
Hedjet– The White Crown of
Upper Egypt
Look at the Pharaoh on the
left
PSCHENT – The Double
Crown
So who was the Pharaoh?
• One of the names of
the Pharaoh was “He
who makes hearts live”
• The Pharoah held the
power over the greatest
force in Egypt
water
Succession
• To keep the pure line of succession, a
Pharaoh passed on the throne to the
eldest son born of the Principal
Queen, or Great Royal Wife
• Each king was usually keen to
demonstrate to his subjects that he was
the “chosen” heir
• The Pharaoh owned all of the land,
people, and possessions in Egypt
• Any personal wealth enjoyed by
Egyptians people was considered a
result of the generosity of the King.
Role of the Pharaoh
• Pharaoh means, "Great House."
• In ancient Egypt, the Pharaoh had
many roles in his kingdom.
– He watched over the law courts and
was the chief of the temples.
– He was an army leader and
controlled trade expeditions.
– He supervised the water system and
stored the grain.
Role of the Pharaoh
• Ancient Egyptians believed that each
living pharaoh was a living god.
• They believed that each pharaoh was the
human form of Horus.
• The pharaohs were very important to
Egypt because they pleased their gods so
good fortune would come to Egypt.
• The pharaohs were transported from
place to place on a chair carried by
servants.
King Menes
•
•
•
•
<NARMER>
1st dynasty (of 30 dynasties)
King of Upper Egypt
United Upper & Lower Egypt
Combined two crowns
– White crown for Upper Egypt
– Red crown for Lower Egypt
+
=
C 3100 BC
Menes
• Ancient Egypt’s form of a
civilization began with King
Menes.
• He created the city of Memphis
because of its location. It would
be easy to defend against any
attacks.
• During his reign he expanded
his kingdom and developed
commercial trade links.
ZOSER
<DJOSER>
c. 2650 BC
• 3rd Dynasty of the Old Kingdom
• Responsible for world's 1st
known monumental stone building:
Steppe Pyramid at Saqqara
• Little known about Djoser, but
– Steppe Pyramid suggests that Egypt politically
stable-- successful economy
• Architect Imhotep,
– a priest and advisor
– first architect known by name in history
Djoser
• Imhotep came up with the idea
of the step pyramid.
• The pyramids design consisted
of six giant steps and contained
many chambers and secret
tunnels.
• It is believed that during
Djoser’s reign, he extended the
Egyptian Southern Border all the
way to the Nile’s First Cataract.
• He left behind the legacy of the
step pyramid, which was the
basis of all other pyramids to
come.
Khufu
<Cheops>
2551-2528
• Created largest pyramid at Giza
• 4th Dynasty
• Full name, Khnum-Khufwy, means
‘[the god] Khnum protect me.’
• Believed he was protected by higher power
• Gave him confidence/foresight to build
the Great Pyramid.
• Khufu’s father, King Sneferu, taught him the art of
pyramid building.
Pharaoh Senusret I: Patron of the arts
• The Pharaoh Senusret ruled from
about 1971 to 1926 B.C.E.
• The arts thrived under Senuret’s rule.
A lot of Egyptian literature was
written during Senuret’s rule
including the “Story of Sinuhe” ,
which tells the story of a young man
who hears a plan to kill the pharaoh.
The Story of Sinuhe
Pharaoh Senusret I: Patron of the arts
• Senusret’s greatest
achievements were in
religious architecture.
• Senusret’s greatest
architectural achievement
was the White Chapel,
which was made from
alabaster, a hard white
stone.
Hatshepsut
Hatshepsut rules Egypt
“his majesty herself”
Married to Thutmose II
Regent for Thutmose III
Ruled 20 years on her own,
as the first female pharaoh
Temple at Deir-el Bahri
Established trade routes to
Punt to make Egypt rich
1490-1469
Thutmose III
1490-1436
• Destroyed evidence of his
stepmother/ aunt
• Great military leader
• “Napoleon of Ancient Egypt”
• 54 years of rule,
• Captured over 350 cities
• Buried in
Valley of the Kings
Tuthmosis III
• He was remembered for is successful military
campaigns, largest empire Egypt had seen
• He had numerous victories against Syria,
Libya and Nubia.
• In his lifetime he married several foreign
princesses, apparently for diplomatic reasons.
• His chief queen was Hatshepsut-Merytre.
• He established Egypt as a powerful military
strength.
• He died in his 55th year of reigning and was
buried in the Valley of the Kings.
Amenhotep IV/ Akhenaten
• Changed Ancient Egyptian
Religion to Monotheism
• Took name Akhenaten,
means “Servant to Aten”
• Aten, god & disk of the sun
• Married to Nefertiti
• “Father” of Tutankhamun
• Considered heretic king
1353-1335
Akenaton
• Today, Akhenaton is remembered
for trying to introduce monotheism
to Egypt.
• It is not sure how Akhenaton died
but the text two kings, Smenkhkara
and Tutankhamen were apparently
son’s-in-law to Akhenaton.
• After his reign Egypt returned back
to their old Gods.
NEFERTITI
"And the Heiress, Great in the Palace, Fair of Face,
Adorned with the Double Plumes, Mistress of
Happiness, Endowed with Favors, at hearing whose
voice the King rejoices, the Chief Wife of the King, his
beloved, the Lady of the Two Lands, NeferneferuatenNefertiti, May she live for Ever and Always"
Nefertiti was active in the religious and
cultural changes initiated by her husband
~Some maintain she initiated the new religion
~She also had the position as a priest(ess)
Tutankhamun
•
•
•
•
•
•
1333-1323
Known as the “Boy King”
Married one of his half sisters
Helped restore Egyptian polytheism
Took throne at Nine years old
Died ~ 19 due to a head injury
Buried in the Valley of the Kings (KV 62)
Tutankhamen
King
Tutankhamen
helped restore
Egypt's old
beliefs from
when his
father tried to
make Egypt a
monotheistic
society.
Tutankhamen
• Since his tomb had not yet been made, he
was laid in a tomb of a member of the
nobility.
• He is famous today because of his tomb
found by archaeologists.
• Some say it was the most important
archaeological find in history
• King Tut curse????
Ramses II
1290-1224
• Known as
– Ramses the Great
• 200 wives
• 96 sons
• 60 daughters
• Lived for 96 years
• Originally buried in the Valley of the Kings
– but was moved to avoid looting
Pharaoh Ramses II
• The pharaoh Ramses II ruled
from 1290 to 1224 B.C.E.
• He is known for his military
leadership and building of
monuments.
• He had over 100 wives and 100
children
• At the age of ten he was a captain
in the Egyptian army.
• Ramses was also a peace maker by
signing the first peace treaty with
the Hittites in the world.
At time of Ramses III the world was going
through great upheavals.
Two principle wives plus many minor wives
Tiye, caused his destruction.
Plot to kill him with the aim of placing her son,
prince Pentaweret, on the throne.
She <and others> stirred rebellion used
magic wax images and poison as weapons.
Conspiracy failed, traitors arrested but not before Ramses was
mortally wounded.
Fourteen officials sat in judgment and all the accused
condemned to commit suicide.
Ramses died before the trial was completed.
The Last Great Pharaoh - Ramses III
1187-56 BC
Cleopatra
• Last Pharaoh of Egypt (51-30 BCE)
• Portrayed herself as the reincarnation of Isis
• Allied herself with Julius Caesar, disputably had a
child together, Caesarean.
• After Caesar died, she aligned with Mark Antony
in opposition to Caesar Agustus
• Had 3 children with Antony, lost Battle of
Actium, committed suicide by Asp
Discussion Questions
1) In your opinion, was it right for the
Pharaohs to rule with absolute power?
Explain.
2) Do you think Egypt would be so well
known today if Pharaohs did not exist?
3) In ancient Egypt all property belonged to
the Pharaohs, would our society be
successful if this was true today about the
Prime Minister.