Transcript North Africa - Sayre Geography Class

North Africa
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Egypt – (Ancient & Modern)
Libya
Tunisia
Algeria
Morocco
Ancient Egypt
• Egypt is the gift of the Nile
• Nile is the longest river in the world, 4000
miles long
• It begins in the heart of Africa and runs
north to the Mediterranean
• Northern Part is called Lower Egypt
• Southern Part is called Upper Egypt
• Floods each year, enriching soil around it
• Surplus of food that Egyptians could grow
made Egypt prosperous
NILE RIVER
Served as a highway that enhanced
transportation and communication
EGYPT religion
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Egyptians were polytheistic
2 groups of gods= land and sun gods
Creation Story beginning w/ Atum
Sun was worshipped as the source of life
Sun god = Atum or Re
Eqyptian ruler was known as Son of Re
Atum/ RE
Ancient Egpyt
• Divided into three kingdoms
• Old Kingdom
• Middle Kingdom
• New Kingdom
Old Kingdom
Old Kingdom
• Mummification process
• Giza pyramid=largest, built for King Khofu,
covers 13 acres
• Great Sphinx in Giza=body of lion, head of
pharaoh, believed to protect site
Old Kingdom
• Menes created the first royal dynasty in
Egypt around in 3100 b.c.
• Rulers became known as Pharaohs
• Lasted about 500 years
• Pharaohs had absolute power, assisted by
family and then a large bureaucracy
• Vizier=2nd in power, in charge of
bureaucracy and reported to the pharaoh
• Pyramids built during the O.K., served as
tombs for pharaohs and families
Middle Kingdom
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Considered to be the golden age
Egypt expanded into Nubia
trade reached Mesopotamia and Crete
Pharaohs became known as the protectors
of the people
• Invasion of the Hyksos [hik-sohs, -sos] (western
asia)
• Overwhelmed Egyptians with chariots as
they fought from donkey carts
• Egyptians learned to use bronze and horse
drawn chariots from the Hyskos
Hysksos Defeated the
Egyptians With Bronze
Weapons and Chariots
New Kingdom
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During this period Egypt created an empire
Pharaohs were really wealthy
Hatshepsut [hat-shep-soot] =first female pharaoh
Akhenaton (ä'kə-nät'n, äk-nät'n) tried to make Egypt
monotheistic, only the sun god
• People thought that it would upset cosmic
order and destroy Egypt
• Tutankhamen restored old gods and
polytheism
• Akhenaton’s religious reforms caused
upheavals that led Egypt to lose power
New Kingdom
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During this period Egypt created an empire
Pharaohs were real wealthy
Hatshepsut=first female pharaoh
Akhenaton tried to make Egypt
monotheistic, only the sun god
• People thought that it would upset cosmic
order and destroy Egypt
• Tutankhamen restored old gods and
polytheism
• Akhenaton’s religious reforms caused
upheavals that led Egypt to lose power
Temple of Hatshepsut
Tutankhamen
Howard Carter Examines King Tut
New Kingdom
• Rames II (Great) regained some of the
empire
• New invasions from the “Sea Peoples”
eventually ended the Egyptian empire
• For a thousand years, Egypt was dominated
by Libyans, Nubians, Persians, &
Macedonians
• Cleopatra VII tried to reassert Egypt
independence=led to Roman rule over
Egypt
Ramses II: Statue and Mummy
Hieroglyphics
• Means “priest carvings” or “sacred
writings”
• Uses pictures and abstract forms to write
• Used for writing in temples and tombs
• Took a long time to learn and do
• Hieratic (hahy-uh-rat-ik) script=simplified version
of hieroglyphics
Hieroglyphics
Rosetta Stone
Papyrus Scroll
Egypt/geography
• Borders the Mediterranean Sea, 3x size of New
Mexico
• Mostly desert; hot, dry summers with moderate
winters
• Nile River is the world’s longest river & supplies
85% of Egypt’s water
• Suez Canal separates Egypt from the Sinai
Peninsula, ships are able to pass from Mediterranean
Sea to Red Sea
Suez Canal
Aswan High Dam
History
• Last native dynasty fell in 341 b.c. to the Persians
• Arabs introduced Islam & Arabic language, 7th
century and ruled for next 6 centuries
• Mamluks took control about 1250 & continued to
govern the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks
in 1517
• Britain seized control of Egypt’s government in
1882, but allegiance to Ottoman empire continued
until 1914
• Gained independence after WWII in 1952, when a
group of army officers overthrew British supported
King
The Quran:
Holy Book
Of Islam
Culture & Government
• Is now a republic
• ½ of Egypt’s people live in rural areas
• Most are farmers, raise only enough food to feed
their families, best farmland is around Nile
• 94% = Muslim
• Speak Arabic
• Cairo = leading center for Muslim world
• Main resource = oil
• Tourism = major industry, ancient ruins
• Agriculture = main economic activity
Fatimid Mosque in Cairo
Libya
• Sahara covers 90% of land
• Desert with only a few oases
• Has no permanent rivers, but aquifers lie beneath the
vast desert
• Poor soil & hot climate = Libya has to import ¾ of
food supply
• Discovery of oil in 1959 brought great wealth
• Mixed Arab & Berber heritage/Berbers first known
in NA
• 86% of people live on the Mediterranean coast
Sahara Desert
Libya
• Practice Islam
• Speak Arabic
• 1969 Muammar al-Qaddhafi overthrew the king &
became dictator
• For many years US has accused him of sponsoring
& encouraging terrorism/ bombed family compound
• Recently swore to not participate in terrorism any
longer
Al-Qaddafhi
Bombing of Pan Am Flight 103
• In 1988, terrorist bombed Pan
Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie,
Scotland
• US worked for many years
proving Libya’s involvement
• One Libyan was actually found
guilty in an international court
The Maghreb
• Means “the land farthest west” in Arabic
• Consists of Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco
• Given the name because it is the westernmost
part of the Arabic speaking Muslim world
Tunisia/geography
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North Africa smallest country, size of Georgia
Atlas mountains = northwest
South merges into Sahara desert
Mild, rainy winters/Hot, dry summers = North
Desert = South
Tunisia/history
• Berbers were the first to settle the area
• Phoenicians from SW Asia founded the city
of Carthage 2,800 years ago
• Carthage = center of powerful trading
empire
• Carthage eventually lost battle with Romans
for control of Mediterranean Sea
• Was the part of several Muslim empires
• Became independent of France in 1956
Phoenicians
Ancient Carthage Ruins
Tunisia/culture
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Mixture of Arab & Berber ancestry
Speak Arabic
Practice Islam
Economic activities = farming, fishing,
manufacturing
• Tourism is growing
• Tunis = capital
Algeria
• Largest country in NA, 3.5x of Texas
• Algeria must import most of its food which is paid for by
selling oil & natural gas
• French colony = 1834-1862
• In 1954, Algerian Arabs rose up against French and won
independence by 1962
• Many Algerians speak French & Arabic
• Algiers = capital
• Today, Algeria is a republic with a strong president &
legislature
• Since 1990’s there have been many conflicts between
government & Muslim political parties
Algeria
• Widespread poverty exists today
• Many people have had to move to
other countries to find work
• There is a civil war going on
between the Muslims & the
government that got its start from
Muslims being jailed after an
election
Morocco
• Between Algeria & Western Sahara
• Mediterranean climate, more extreme in the interior
• Economy is based on agriculture, industry, &
tourism
• Lead the World in exports of phosphate rock
• AD 700’s, Arabs & Berbers from Morocco
conquered Spain & developed a brilliant civilization
until Christian rulers drove them out in the late
1400’s
• Gained independence from France in 1956
Straight of Gibraltar
• Separates Africa & Europe/ Morocco & Spain
• Only 9 miles between the separation
Berbers
Arabs
Morocco
• Has constitutional monarchy/King/Queen is head of
state but elected officials run the government
• Developed bicameral legislature in 1997
• 1970’s, Morocco claimed Western Sahara, sparked a
war between Morocco & a rebel group wanting
independence for Sahara/ problem remains unsolved
• Most people live in coastal areas, some herd & farm
in the foothills of the Atlas mountains
• Casablanca = largest city,
• Rabat = Capital
Casablanca
A Satellite View
4600 MI LES
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Africa’s Size
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# Second largest continent  11,700,000 sq. mi.
# 10% of the world’s population.
# 2 ½ times the size of the U. S.
Mediterranean Sea
Bodies
Nile River
Of
L. Chad-->
Water
L. Victoria
L. Tanganyika->
Indian Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Zambezi River
Orange River
Pacific Ocean
The Mighty Nile River:
“Longest River in the World”
The Congo River Basin
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Covers 12% of the
continent.
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Extends over 9
countries.
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2,720 miles long.
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99% of the country
of Zaire is in the
Congo River basin.
The Niger River Basin
# Covers 7.5% of the continent.
# Extends over 10 countries.
# 2,600 miles long.
Hydroelectric Power
Mountains
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Peaks
Δ Mt. Kenya
Δ Mt. Kilimanjaro
The African Plateau
Libyan Desert
Deserts
Sahara Desert
Sahel
The Sahara Desert
Desertification
The Sahel
Valleys
&
Plains
Great Rift Valley
3,000 miles long
Seismic Activity in Africa
Africa:
The
“Tropical”
Continent
Tropic of Cancer 20°
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Equator 0°
Tropic of Capricorn
20° S
African Trade Winds
West Africa:
Home of our Hurricanes
Vegetation Zones
The African Savannah:
13 million sq. mi.
African Rain Forest
# Annual rainfall of up to 17 ft.
# Rapid decomposition (very humid).
# Covers 37 countries.
# 15% of the land surface of Africa.
Mt. Kilimanjaro:
Snow on the Equator?
Mediterranean Sea
The
Libyan Desert
Tropic of Cancer 20°
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Sahara Desert
Complete
Topography
Sahel
Nile River
L. Chad-->
L. Albert-->
Δ Mt. Kenya
Equator 0°
L. Victoria
Of
AFRICA
Δ Mt. Kilimanjaro
L. Tanganyika->
Indian
Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Zambezi River
Tropic of Capricorn
20° S
Limpopo River
Orange River
Pacific Ocean
Natural Resources