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Ancient Egypt
Presentation is made by
Semenov Stiven, Sasha Mikhailov
School №126 Saint Petersburg
Ancient Egypt was an
ancient civilization in
Northeastern Africa,
concentrated along the
Nile River where there is
now the modern country
of Egypt.
Egypt is located in the
middle of the Sahara
Desert. There are no
mountains in Egypt just
sand dunes. The sand
dunes make huge sand
hills in the desert making
it hard to travel. The
sand dunes are created
by wind blowing the sand
around. They can be up
to 300 feet tall or 100
metres.
Climate: Egypt is very hot and dry, it does
not rain very often. The summer floods from
the Nile River leave the land
very fertile.
Geography
The Nile River is an
important part of Egypt.
The Egyptians call the Nile
river the life of Egypt
because if there was no Nile
river there would not be
anybody living there. There
probably would not be an
Egypt or any history about
it.
Because Egypt is so
fertile, people came to live
in Egypt earlier than in
most places, probably
around 40,000 years ago.
At first there were not very
many people, but gradually
Egypt became more
crowded, so there was more
need for a unified
government.
The Pyramids
In the Old Kingdom (2686-2160 BC), the Egyptians built the
Pyramids as tombs for their pharaohs.
The pyramids of ancient Egypt are some of the most magnificent
manmade structures in history.
The Great Pyramid of
Giza was built for King
Khufu (known to the
Greeks as Cheops) some
four and a half thousand
years ago. Many people
across the centuries have
found it hard to credit the
creation of this structure to
human beings.
Quite apart from its size,
the Great Pyramid is also
an astonishing example of
geometrical accuracy. And
there is evidence to suggest
that its builders had a
remarkably knowledge of
astronomy, too.
Egyptian Government
The Egyptian government was a monarchy.
The Pharaoh (FARE-oh) owned all of Egypt, and everything in it: all the
land, all the tools, all the animals, and all the people.
In 1363 BC there was a famous Pharaoh named
Akhenaten, who built a new capital at Amarna and
seems to have worshipped a new sun god, and
developed new art styles.
His wife was Nefertiti.
Akhenaten had no sons, and
his son-in-law was
Tutankhamon.
Cleopatra was a Greek woman and
also pharaoh in Egypt. Cleopatra was
17 or 18 when she became the queen
of Egypt. She was very popular
among her own people.
She was not necessarily beautiful, but
she had a musical voice. She was also
highly intelligent. She spoke nine
languages and proved to be a shrewd
politician.
Cleopatra was the last pharaoh; after
her death Egypt became a Roman
province.
Egyptian School
There were schools in ancient Egypt, but
hardly anyone went to them. Girls weren't
allowed to go to school at all. Whatever they
learned, they had to learn at home from their
mother or father or from a private tutor
(usually a slave) who lived in their house.
Very few girls could read or write, and only
the richest ones.
Most boys didn't go to school either, but a
few boys from richer families went to a
special school to train boys to be scribes. A
scribe was someone who could read and write
hieroglyphics.
Egyptian Artifacts
The Egyptians have left us a huge amount of information,
so the history of this country we know much better than the
history of its neighbours.
The Egyptians used
hieroglyphics for all
different kinds of writing.
When the Egyptians began to
write, about 3000 BC, they wrote
from the beginning in ink, on
papyrus. Papyrus is a plant that
grows wild all over the Nile river
valley.
The Greeks and the Romans also used
a lot of papyrus, all bought in Egypt
because that is where papyrus grows.
But it wasn't cheap! One sheet
probably cost about what $20 is worth
today.
Egyptian Numbers
By about 3000 BC, the ancient Egyptians had ways to write
down numbers. They made one vertical line for one, two vertical
lines for two, and so on up to nine. For ten, the Egyptians made
a U-shaped mark. For 100, the Egyptians drew a coil of rope,
and for 1000 they drew a lotus flower. They used a finger to
show 10,000.
Egyptian Sculpture
People began to carve
sculptures in Egypt about
4500 BC, about the same
time as in West Asia and in
southern Africa. These early
sculptures are small figurines,
mostly of women. Nobody
knows why Egyptian artists
made these sculptures.
Egyptian Pottery
People in Egypt were among
the first people to make pottery.
By about 3500 BC, Egyptian
pottery has designs on it that are
very much like the designs on
earlier rock carvings. They show
people, boats, and animals, and
they look enough like later
Egyptian painting
Egyptian food
Because Egypt was very
dry, and relied mostly on the
Nile River to water the
crops, people in Egypt
could only grow certain kinds
of food. Mainly farmers grew
wheat and barley.
The Egyptians also ate
meat. They ate beef and
mutton and duck and goose
but not pigs.
Marine expedition
The Egyptians were the first to commit naval
expeditions. About 2500 years BC they crossed
the Red Sea. Around 1500 BC discovered the
island of Socotra in the Indian Ocean.
Egyptian Religion
The people of ancient Egypt believed in many gods. Some
of these gods were Ra, Anubis, Seth, Osiris, Isis, and Horus.
Egyptians worshipped these gods with animal sacrifices .
Osiris was an ancient Egyptian
god of growing things, like the
Greek goddess Demeter.
The sun god Ra on his solar boat,
traveling across the sky from east to
west.
Egyptians thought that when you died, Anubis would weigh
your soul against a feather, and if your soul was heavier than
the feather you would be punished.
Weighing the souls of the dead
Ancient Egyptians believed in many myths. One myth that they
believed in was the myth of Osiris.The Egyptians believed that
when they died Osiris would carry their bodies across the Nile
into the afterlife. This is the reason why relatives of the person
put their greatest treasures and belongings into the tomb or
grave. Another myth that the Egyptians believed in was if you
killed a cat you would be sentenced to death because of a God
named Bastet who's head resembled a cats head. She was the
goddess of protection. The Egyptians believed in many gods,
and goddesses some of their names were, Anubis, Hathor, Isis,
Seth and there are very many more. Some Egyptians also
thought that most Gods and Goddesses brought the flooding
of The Nile, some took care of people in the after life and some
offered protection and stuff like that.