Transcript Egypt - TeacherWeb

Unit 2
Civilization and Development
in the Neolithic Age
Section 3
Egypt
Key Terms
•
•
•
•
•
shadoof
= ___________________
pharaoh
= ___________________
pyramids = ___________________
embalming = ___________________
mummy
= ___________________
•
•
•
•
•
hieroglyphics
papyrus
Narmer
Ahmose
Thutmose III
•
•
•
•
•
Hatshepsut
Amenhotep IV
Nile River
Punt
Thebes
The Nile
• The Nile River Valley is located in
Northeast Africa.
• It is the ____________ river in the
world.
• Its inhabitants borrowed many of their
ideas from the ____________.
The Extent of the River
• The Nile flows 4,145 miles from the
mountains of central Africa to the
Mediterranean Sea.
• Shortly before it reaches the sea it
branches into a fertile fan shaped
area called a ____________.
• Most ancient Egyptians lived in the
delta region.
• This area was protected from
foreign invasions by the desert, the
sea, and waterfalls called
____________.
Advantages of the Egyptians
• The Egyptians had a tremendous
____________ over other river
valley civilizations.
–The Nile flooded its banks every
year in the middle of July.
• When the flood water receded, the
plains were left with ____________,
which was extremely fertile soil
good for growing crops.
• Egyptians planted when the soil
was still wet.
• To water their fields they built a
machine called a ____________, to
lift water from the basin.
The Old Kingdom
• At first there were two __________
of Egypt.
• Upper Egypt = Southern Area
• Lower Egypt = The Delta Area
Lower
Egypt
Upper
Egypt
King Narmer
• Also known as ____________
• From Upper Egypt
• In c.3100 BC he led his armies
north to the Delta region, married
one of its princesses, and united
the country.
• He wore a double crown.
–High white for the south
–Shallow red for the north.
• Set up his capital in ____________,
a city on the border of upper and
lower Egypt.
• In c.2600 BC the _______________
began.
• Most Egyptians did not live in the
cities at this time.
• They live on large estates along
the banks of the Nile.
Egyptian Rulers
• The first Egyptian rulers were
kings.
• Later they were called
___________, which meant “great
house”
–The pharaoh was a ruler, a priest,
and a god.
Duties of the Pharaoh
• Owned all of the land in Egypt.
–Gave large amounts to ________
and rich Egyptians.
• Made sure the land produced well.
• Built dams and irrigation canals.
•
•
•
•
•
Built granaries.
Chose all government officials.
Collected taxes.
Gathered building permits.
First to cut the ripe grain before
harvest.
The Pharaoh was ALL things!!!
Pyramids and Religious Beliefs
• The Pyramids were essentially
built as great ____________.
• Designed to protect the pharaoh’s
body from flood, wild animals, and
robbers.
The Pyramids Giza, Egypt
• Most of the pharaoh’s valuable
personal belongings were placed
in the tombs to be carried into the
afterlife with the pharaoh.
• It was originally believed that
_____________ built the pyramids.
–The builders were actually paid
_____________ who worked
when their fields were flooded
during the summer months.
Gods and Goddesses
• The Egyptians believed in many
gods.
• The most important were:
– __________ = River
god
–_________ = Sun
god
–__________ = God of harvest and
eternal life and weigher of the
soul.
–__________ = Wife of Osirus
–__________ = Son of Osirus and
Isis.
Isis
Osirus
Horus
The image to the right comes from the
"Book of the Dead"(13th century B.C.)
which was a collection of spells,
hymns, and prayers intended to secure a
safe passage to the underworld for the
deceased. Horus is depicted as a man
with the head of a falcon. Here, Horus
is wearing the costume of a king and
the double crown of Upper and Lower
Egypt. He leads the soul of the scribe
Ani into the presence of Osiris.
www.windows.ucar.edu/. ../horus_sun.html
• The Egyptians used a process of
_________________ to preserve
dead bodies.
• First pharaohs were the only one
embalmed, later it was used to
preserve other prominent people.
–The afterlife was the most
important value to all Egyptians.
• The wrapped body
was known as a
mummy.
• Some tools of
the trade: linen,
sawdust, lichen,
beeswax, resin, natron,
onion, Nile mud,
linen pads,& frankincense.
Canopic Jars
One of Horus's four sons was represented on
the lid of each jar. The human-headed Imsety
looked after the liver; Hapy, a baboon, guarded
the lungs; Duamutef, a jackal, protected the
stomach; and Qebehsenuef, a falcon, cared for
the intestines.
Middle Kingdom
• In about 2300 BC government
officials, jealous of the pharaoh’s
power, took control of Egypt.
–200 years of turmoil and
confusion followed.
• Pharaohs had __________ power in
the middle kingdom.
• Pharaohs were no longer buried in
tombs.
• The Middle Kingdom came to an
end in 1786 BC when Egypt was
taken over by the ___________, a
people from western Asia.
• The Hyksos crossed the desert in
horse drawn chariots and used
weapons made of __________ and
__________.
• The Egyptians used weapons of
copper and stone. Therefore, the
Egyptians were defeated by a
__________ military force.
• The Hyksos ruled Egypt for about
150 years.
• Around 1500 BC an Egyptian
prince named __________ , using
Hyksos weapons, led an uprising
and drove out the Hyksos.
New Kingdom
• The expulsion of the Hyksos
brought about the _____________.
• Ahmose began yet another line of
pharaohs.
• Most of the pharaohs that we know a
great deal about reigned in the New
Kingdom.
–Tutmose I, II, III, IV
–Hatshepsut
–Amenhotep IV (wife Nefertiri)
–Tutankhamen
–Ramses II
• It was a very ______________ time
for Egypt.
New Kingdom Rulers
• Tutmose I was the father of
Tutmose II.
• Tutmose II was Hatshepsut’s
husband.
–Hatshepsut was
the first female
_____________.
–She was one of the most
powerful pharaohs in Egyptian
history.
• She traded goods with the land
of Punt, which was located in
East Africa. This was the
_____________ trading
expedition in Egyptian history.
• Tutmose III was the son of
Tutmose II and stepson to
Hatshepsut.
–He was extremely angry with
Hatshepsut for taking over his
thrown.
–He ghd her name erased from all
Egyptian monuments and texts.
–Archaeologists pieced together
artifacts and rediscovered her.
Religion
• Religion in the New Kingdom
changed.
• They began to worship a new god:
–_____________________ (god of
Thebes combined with the god of
the sun)
–Became the most powerful god
in Egypt.
• Temples became ________
centers, not just houses of
worship.
–Scribes were taught here.
–Gave work to sculptors and
artisans.
–Treasuries.
Writing
• Egyptian scribes wrote in ancient
pictographs called
_________________.
• _________________ was the paper
used for writing hieroglyphics.
Decline
• Over time, ___________ of AmonRe gained power and wealth.
• The pharaoh’s power began to
decline.
• 1350 BC Amenhotep IV came to the
thrown.
• He wanted to restore power to the
pharaohs.
• He closed the temples of Amon-Re.
• Fired all temple workers.
• Set up a new religion where only
______ god was worshipped.
• The new god was __________.
• Amenhotep changed his name to
Akhenaton, or “son of Aton.”
• Only his family and close advisors
accepted his new religion.
• His religion failed miserably, as did
his reign. He was probably
murdered.
Tut and Ramesses I
• In 1360 BC Amenhotep dies.
• His son-in-law takes over.
– Tutankhamen
– He returned to the old religion, but died early
at age 19.
• Tut ended the 18th dynasty.
• Ramses I came to power and began
the 19th and final __________ of an
independent Egypt.
• __________ (grandson of Ramses I)
was the last wealthy and powerful
ruler of Egypt.
Ramses II
c.1278-1212 BC
Seti I
c.1291-1278 BC
• Ramses II was also known as
“Ramses the Great.”
• He was a Great builder, but spent
much of Egypt’s treasury.
• He died without an __________,
which left Egypt in a state of
turmoil.
• By 1150 BC, Egypt’s empire was
gone.
End of the Empire
• Egypt became increasingly weak
until 671 BC when the __________
took control.
• All other pharaohs were puppets of
another empire.
• This included the last pharaoh,
__________ , who was a puppet to
the Roman Empire.
Contributions
• Invented paper known as papyrus.
• Used a number system based on
the number 10.
• Made huge achievements in
mathematics.
–Used fractions, whole numbers,
and __________.
• The Egyptians made huge
contributions in medicine.
–First to operate.
–First to set broken bones.
–First specialized medicine:
• Dentists, brain surgeons,
veterinarians, & eye doctors.