Transcript Kazandjiev.pps - The World AgroMeteorological Information Service

Organization of Agrometeorological
observations, forecasts and farmers
service in Bulgaria
Valentin Kazandjiev
National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology
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Hydro-meteorological service in
Bulgaria is the National Institute of
Meteorology and Hydrology (NIMH)
and this is his official name. NIMH was
established in February 1890. Primary
mission of NIMH is to provide specific
information to different organisations
and users in Bulgaria. The mission of
NIMH involves - both days to day
operations, theoretical and applied
research activities. Meteorological,
Agrometeorological and Hydrological
observations, data collecting and
telecommunication, monitoring of
chemical components in ground water
and air quality, meteorological,
agrometeorological and hydrological
forecasts, assistance to special
sectors.
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Core elements of the NIMH are the Central Body in Sofia and 4
Regional Branches in Kjustendil, Pleven, Plovdiv and Varna. Their
structural units are observatories and observing stations. The
territory of the country is covered by 35 observatories and unifying
more than 2000 observing stations.
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Each of the Regional Centres organises the activity of its part
of the National observing system, i.e. they collect the data from
the observing stations via the observatories and exchange data
with the Communication centre in Sofia.
A) Meteorological network: 31 synoptic stations including
5 stations on mountain peaks; 1 upper-air sounding station;
132 climatic stations; 373 rainfall stations;
B) Agrometeorological network: 33 agrometeorological; 4
forest stations; 109 phenological points.
C) Hydrological network: 236 hydrological stations; 595
wells and springs stations for ground water; 112 stations for
suspended sediment samplings, organic matter content
determination as well as the specific weight of sediments; 61
stations for grain-size determination
D) Air and water pollution network: 1 background pollution
station in Rogen; 14 sampling posts for air-pollution
monitoring; 224 sampling posts for surface water pollution
monitoring; 260 sampling posts for under-ground water
pollution monitoring; 21 acid-rain measurement posts; 93
sampling posts for air and water radioactivity.
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Agrometeorological network:
• 33 agrometeorological;
• 4 forest stations;
• 109 phenological posts.
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•
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The Agrometeorological network does
not expand. Furthermore, some of the
agrometeorological and phenological
stations are closed dawn, because of
missing funds.
After the 1991 changes in the
Institute structure, the
agrometeorological service has the
following design:
1.Central agrometeorological
service by the Institute of Meteorology
and Hydrology offered to the central
government departments and specially to
the Ministry of Agriculture.
2.Agrometeorological services
offered by the four branches of the
Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology branch Pleven - in Northeast part of
Bulgaria, branch Varna - the eastern part
of the country, branch Plovdiv - in the
southern part of Central Bulgaria and the
Kjustendil branch which is in the south Western Part of the country.
3.Regional agrometeorological
services by the 23 hydrometeorological
observatories of regional administrative
bodies, agricultural observations and
farmers.
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4.Types of services
-Daily agrometeorological evaluations of
agricultural crop growth and opportunities for
work in the field.
-Weekly agrometeorological evaluation of the
conditions for agricultural crop growth as well
as of the conditions for carrying out
hydrological activities. It is distributed by
National radio broadcaster.
-Monthly bulletin about the meteorological
conditions and the phenological stages of
agrometeorological analysis of
agrometeorological conditions by the means
of tables, maps and graphics. They are
published by the National Institute of
Meteorology and Hydrology and are then
distributed among the subscribers.
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To obtain necessary data more
than 100 years we accomplish
agrometeorological
observations. They are
completeded in two subsystems
– on the ground and remote
sensed. Second one, is
comparatively new but very
advanced. Information received
by remote sensing enter widely
for agriculture services. To this
stage exist some difficulties
connected with receiving of this
kind information which are with
technical and financial origin,
that is why we continue to use
ground network for
agrometeorological
observations. This network will
be developed and supported
giving into account peculiarities
remote sensing measurements.
Main types agrometeorological
measurement and observations from the
ground subsystem and to which is based
agrometeorological service is this which is
collected by the standard
agrometeorological program.
This program include – mesurements of
parameters of crops and estimation
state of the crops (height of the plants,
density of the canopy, biomass per unit
area, elements of crops productivity, main
phenological stages of development, level
of weeds infestation, level of damages
from unfavorable meteorological
phenomena, damages from pests and
diseases etc.), observation of
agrotechnological works (ploughing,
fertilizing, cultivations, soils feeding,
hebicides treatmetnt, treatment against
pests and diseases, irrigation and
harvest), measurement of parametres
of the ground surface (hight and density
of snow cover, soil moisture down to 2 m
depth – in the first meter by 10 cm layers
and in the second meter by 20 cm layers,
soil temperature on 0, 2,5,10 and 20 cm)
•
Statistical models for determining crop
yields from climate variables generally
relate historic estimates of yield with
several climate variables such as
precipitation, temperature, soil
moisture. Multiple linear regression
equations describing the relationship
between monthly values of air
temperature and precipitation on the
one hand and grain yield of maize and
winter wheat on the other hand for
every experimental variety station
across the country were established.
An attempt to derive statistical models
for regional assessment of maize and
winter wheat productivity was done.
For example:

NB
ymz
 590.88  1.84 R3NB  2.08 R7NB  R8NB

SB
SB
ywh
 1012.28  9.66T3SB  23.88T 5  1.01R5SB
The statistic models presented in
this chapter were derived using tcriterion of Student and F-ratio of
Fisher assuming 5% probability level.
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Prognosis of the
expected
flowering date of
winter wheat at
the operative
agrometeorologi
cal stations in
1995 using
CERES-Wheat
model.
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Prognosis of
the expected
maturity date
winter wheat
across the
country in 2003
using CERESWheat model.
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Prognosis
(toward
30.04.2003) of
expected grain
yields (in kg/dka)
of winter wheat
according with
WOFOST
calculations
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Soil water content is an
important limit in many
models presently used in
agricultural and forest
meteorology. Soil moisture
plays an important role not
only in plant's growth,
developments and yields,
but also in farm operations
such as planting,
cultivation, harvesting and
irrigation. The required
accuracy and frequency of
soil moisture
measurements depend on
the intended use of these
data.
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DISTRIBUTION OF FORECASTS
• Monthly agrometeorological forecasts of the conditions for the
main agricultural crop growth and the conditions for carrying
out agro technical events. They are distributed by the National
TV and broadcast on the Bulgarian National Radio.
• They are published in a few central daily and week newspapers.
The agrometeorological and meteorological information is used
by the Ministry of Agriculture for the following purposes:
giving arguments for planning, organising and carrying out the
basic technological activities: sowing, applying chemical
remedies to fight diseases and pests, use of herbicides during
the different periods and quantity of it’s use and In accordance
to the standards for irrigation, gathering transporting and
storing the protection evaluation of yields and calculation of
the country's grain-folder balance, import and export of grain,
folder and other agricultural production. Unfortunately, it is
very difficult to asses the economic effectiveness of the used
agrometeorological data during the last years.
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Monthly Agrometeorlogical Conditions
Bulgarian National Institute of Meteorology
and Hydrology (NIMH)
Bulgarian Bulletin Web Page (In English)
(Click on Agrometeorological conditions)
The Bulgarian National Institute of Meteorology
and Hydrology of the Bulgarian Academy of
Sciences produces a monthly agrometeorological
bulletin which provides information on the
monthly state of the soils and water reserves,
State of agricultural crops, and the course of
fieldwork. The NIMH also produces a monthly
weather bulletin in Bulgarian only.
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© 2004 W M O - O M M - Geneva, Switzerland. Disclaimer.
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Distribution of
agrometeorological
forecast by the
Internet on a
National level –
Web page of NIMH
and
International level Web page of
WAMIS Project
Thank you for
your attention
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