Transcript 即时写字板 - 综合英语

应用商务英语系列
总主编：张海波
综合英语教程1
综合英语教程1
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普通高等教育“十二五”规划教
AA Comprehensive
Comprehensive English
English Course
Course 11
主编：张海波
中国出版集团现代教育出版社
电子教案制作人：张海波
Unit 3
Food & Drinks
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1. Lead in: Listen, Simulate, Respond, Judge and Complete
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2. Key words and phrases: Dictation and Sentence making
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3. Reading in depth：Food and Drink Fads
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4. Skimming and scanning: A Healing Cuisine
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5. Language focus: Sentence Elements
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6. Skills：Communication 3
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7. Oral training: Topic, Presentation and Interview
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8. Extending reading: Don’t Take too Much Salt
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9. World anecdotes: The Countdown Clock Stops Working
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1. Lead In
1.1 Listen & Simulate
Apple
coffee
Grape wine
Directions: Listen to Extract 1 and find out what they are talking
about. Put a tick （√）to the food or drinks mentioned in the
dialogue, a cross（×）if not mentioned, then talk about food and
drink in class accordingly.
√
Peach
×
×
Leechee
×
√
Beer
√
wine
Milk
banana
√
×
√
Orange juice
grape
beef steak
目录
词汇
√
√
√
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1.2 Listen & Respond
Directions: Listen to Extract 1 again and then answer the
following 5 questions.
目录
词汇
1. Who is going to hold the birthday party?
2. Where is the man going to buy things for the party?
3. How many bottles of orange juice are added to the shopping list?
4. What does the girl refuse to add to the list?
5. What relationship do you think between the two speakers?
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1.3 Listen & Judge
Directions: Listen to Extract 2 twice and choose the best
answers to the following questions
1) Why are many meals in America arranged around popular television shows?
A. Because Americans like to eat in front of the TV, not always sitting at a table.
B. Because it is a custom in America.
C. Because Americans don’t like to eat by the table.
D. Because Americans feel it not interesting to sit at a table.
2) Who believe it is what we everyone eats all of the time in the USA.?
A. People from England.
B. People from Ireland.
C. People from many lands.
D. People from all over the world.
3) What kind of food would be considered traditional American dishes?
A. fried chicken and meatloaf
B. baked potato and corn
C. baked beans and apple pie
D. All the above
4) What cooking did the cuisine of the original English settlers influence?
A. American cooking.
B New England cooking.
C. Southern cooking.
D. Cajun cooking.
5) What cooking is a spicy mixture of Spanish, French and African styles?
A. California cooking.
B. Regional Cooking.
C. Cajun cooking.
D. New England cooking.
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1.4 Listen & Complete
Directions: Listen to Extract 2 again and fill in the missing
words or phrases mentioned in the passage.
American Food & Drinks
目录
词汇
Many meals in America are 1) arranged around popular television shows, people like to eat in front
of the TV, not always sitting at a table, they sit in a chair or on a sofa. 2) Cooking
in the USA is not
just hamburgers, pizza and fast food. However the American fast food restaurant chains have been very
successful at introducing American style fast food around the world, now people from many lands 3）
believe
it is what we everyone eats all of the time in the USA.
traditional American foods were 5) introduced
Most 4)
by the early European immigrants but
modified to take advantage of the locally available ingredients. 6)
Fried chicken
meatloaf, baked
potato, corn, baked beans and apple pie would be considered traditional 7）American dishes.
Regional Cooking varies 8) from state to
state and is highly influenced by the types of ingredients
locally available, as well as the cultural background of the people 9）that settled in the area. New
England cooking, native to the northeastern states; was heavily influenced by the cuisine of the original
English settlers. Southern cooking has definite African influences. Cajun cooking, from the New Orleans
area, is a spicy mixture of Spanish, French and African styles. California cooking 10) is known for the
use of
fresh fruits and vegetables in interesting combinations with Asian, Mexican and Spanish
flavorings.
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2. Words & Phrases
2.1 Dictation
Directions: Listen to Extract 3. You are going to hear 10 words
or expressions on west food and drinks. Each one will be
repeated twice. You have 10 seconds to write down the word
you hear before you get the next one done.
1
beefsteak
6
Fast food
2
apple pie
7
champagne
3
dessert
8
baked potato
4
French fries
9
hamburger
5
cocktail
10
hot dog
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2.2 Phrase Collection
Directions: Find out at least 10 of noun phrases and verb phrases from Text A. Add as many as
you can. One is done for you.
order
Noun phrases
order
词汇
Verb phrases
0
eating and drinking habits
0
eat out
1
an occasional Sunday lunch
1
take pride in
2
coffee bars
2
spring up
3
high streets
3
be reserved for
4
pub grub
4
appear on
5
healthy food
5
be spoilt for
6
coffee culture
6
tend to do
7
a popular pastime
7
be succumbed by
8
high streets
8
relax with friends
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2.3 Sentence Making
Directions: Make 10 sentences by using the noun phrases or verb phrases you list in the
table above. First orally then write them down.
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2.4 Match Work
Directions: Match the words in Column A with the proper definitions in Column B.
目录
词汇
Column A
Column B
[ F ] 1. considerably
A) food in pub such as pie and chips, fish and chips, salad and chips
[ D ] 2. previously
B) a desire or liking for a particular activity
[ H ] 3. occasional
C) manager or owner of a restaurant
[ B ] 4. appetite
D) before now or before a particular time
[ J ] 5. venue
E) strong black Italian coffee
[ A ] 6. pub grub
F) a great deal
[ I ] 7. gastro-pub
G) bring into existence
[ C ] 8. restaurateur
H) happening sometimes but not often or regularly
[ G ] 9. generate
I) a pub where there are a lot of foods and drinks served
[ E ] 10. espresso
J) a place where an organized meeting, concert etc takes place
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3. Reading in Depth
Food & Drink Fads
3.1 Text A
目录
词汇
Eating and drinking habits have changed considerably in the last five years. More
people are eating in pubs, which were previously reserved for drinking and an
occasional Sunday lunch, and coffee bars are appearing on every corner of our high
streets.
Pub grub
Eating out has never been so popular in the UK, and we are spoilt
for choice. It is no longer just restaurants that satisfy our appetites.
Many pubs - which traditionally served only alcohol - have become
popular eating venues. As well as pubs that serve the usual 'pub
grub‘ (pie and chips, fish and chips, salad and chips), there are now
more than 430 gastro-pubs in the UK. Gastro-pubs serve restaurant
standard food in a more informal setting than restaurants and many
take pride in offering healthy food, locally produced.
Restaurateur and critic Egon Ronay has recently produced a 2006 guide to gastropubs. He commented that the emergence of these pubs is the 'biggest change' he had
seen in UK food for 50 years.
'I tend to eat out in bars as it's more relaxed, generally slightly cheaper and easier to
do on the spur of the moment. If it's a special occasion though I would go to a
restaurant, probably what's now called a contemporary British restaurant.' Jasmin,
23, from Widnes.
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Coffee culture
We are also succumbed by coffee in all its numerous variations more than ever
before. In the last five years cafés and coffee shops have appeared everywhere and
visiting them is a popular pastime. If the weather is reasonable (and sometimes even
if it isn't) we adopt the continental style of sitting outside.
目录
词汇
People feel comfortable visiting them on their own with a book or newspaper and
equally find them good places to relax with friends. It is becoming much more a part
of our culture to meet for a coffee or stop for an espresso or a latte when we want a
break from shopping. Coffee is also available in many bars and pubs.
The choice doesn't end there though. Healthier alternatives, such as noodle bars and
juice bars, are also springing up and becoming increasingly popular. Maybe they
will be next to dominate our high streets.
参
考
译
文
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3.2 Work On Text A
目录
Answer the following questions according to this passage
3.2.1
you’ve just learned.
词汇
1) What has happened in the last five years according to this author?
2) Where can people find coffee bars?
3) Why do so many people like to go to gastro-pubs in the UK now?
4) How did Egon Ronay comment on gastro-pubs?
5) What is becoming much more a part of British culture according to the last
but one paragraph?
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目录
Choose the best answers to the following questions according to
3.2.2
the passage you’ve just learned.
1
Which of the following statements is not true?
A
In the last five years, British people have greatly changed their eating and drinking habits.
B
Now, more and more British like to go to gastro-pubs.
C
Gastro-pubs serve restaurant standard food in a more formal setting than restaurants .
D
Jasmin likes to eat out in bars as it's more relaxed, generally slightly cheaper and easier to do
on the spur of the moment.
2
The word venues in the sentence Many pubs have become popular eating venues means
________.
A
places where people tend to go for eating or drinking.
B
streets where there are many stores or shops.
C
supermarkets
D
none of the above.
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3
It is ____________________ who has recently produced a 2006 guide to gastro-pubs.
目录
词汇
A
a British doctor
B
a restaurateur called Egon Ronay
C
a critic called Egon Ronay
D
Both B and C
4
Coffee also succumb British people _________________ more than ever before.
A
in all its small variations
B
in all its numerous variations
C
in all its great games and entertainments
D
B and C
5
British people take visiting coffee shops as________________ .
A
a good habit.
B
a .favorite thing
C
an everyday life.
D
a popular pastime
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3.3 Word Training
Direction: Fill in the following blanks with proper words or phrases given.
Change the forms if necessary. One is done as a sample
目录
that, from, link to, healthy , with， find，
food and drink, old, bear, compare
词汇
Children’s Diet Effects Their IQs
Parents were quizzed about the types and frequency of the food and drink1 their children
consumed when they were three, four, seven and eight and a half years old. Children
brought up on healthy 2 diets are more intelligent compared 3 with their junk food eating
counterparts, new research suggests.
It was found 4 that babies fed a diet packed high in fats, sugars, and processed foods had
lower IQs than those fed pasta, salads and fruit. The effect is so great that 5 researchers
from the University of Bristol said those children with a "healthier" diet may get an higher
IQ.
Scientists stressed good diet was vital in a child's early life as the brain grows at its fastest rate during
the first three years of life. This indicated head growth at this time is linked to 6 intellectual ability and
"it is possible that good nutrition during this period may encourage optimal brain growth".
Scientists tracked the long term health and wellbeing of around 14,000 children born 7 in 1991 and
1992 as part of the West Country's Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC).
They were marked on a sliding scale which ranged linked to 8 minus two for the most healthy to 10
for the most unhealthy. IQ was measured using a validated test – the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for
Children – of 4,000 children when they were eight and half years old 9. The results found after
taking account of potentially influential factors, a predominantly processed food diet at the age of three
was associated with 10 a lower IQ at the age of eight and a half, irrespective of whether the diet
improved after that age.
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3.4 Writing Practice
3.4.1
Complete the following sentences by translating the Chinese into English.
目录
词汇
1
Don't be too severe with your children
(也不要宠坏他们) (spoil)
.
参考答案
Don't be too severe with your children nor should you spoil them.
2
In gastro-pubs,
. （有许多种食物和饮料供应）(serve)
In gastro-pubs, there are many kinds of food and drinks served.
3
If you always exaggerate,
（人们就不会再相信你了）(no longer)
If you always exaggerate, people will no longer believe you.
4
Do things that make you proud,
(take pride in)
参考答案
参考答案
（然后为你所做的事情自豪）.
参考答案
Do things that make you proud, then take pride in what you do.
5
situation.
(每天都有许多新生事物涌现）and we must get adapted to this
(spring up)
Many new things will spring up every day and we must get adapted
to this situation.
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参考答案
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3.4.2
Write a short passage, titled by On My Birthday Party. No less than 100 words.
目录
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On My Birthday Party
I was born on Mar.13, 1988. From then on, there will be a grand and hot
birthday party held in my family and this year is not an exception.
On that day, I invited my classmates and neighbors to spend the time together.
We cut cakes, lit the candles, and I made a wish. I wished I could pass all the
examinations this semester. It was just a small wish but it was out of the bottom
of my heart!
My parents of course attended the party and they gave me a big present. It
was a Dell computer which was something I had been dreaming for. I kissed my
parents and hugged them so tightly. They are the best parents in the world!
The party lasted for hours but I felt it was not long enough. Maybe happy
times always goes so fast. I am now looking forward to my next birthday party.
What gift will my parents and classmates or friends give me next time? It is
always a secret for me.
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4. Skimming & Scanning
A Healing Cuisine
4.1 Text B
目录
词汇
Chinese cuisine is widely known and enjoyed in all four corners
of the world. Who could not confess to longing for a favorite
Chinese dish? But there is one interesting concept concerning
Chinese food which is almost unheard of in the West, and which
is becoming increasingly ignored by the youth of the East—the
ancient custom of “tonic food.”
Tonic food is food which is consumed to improve one’s wellbeing, or stave off sickness, particularly at times when one is
more prone to illness. For instance, it was once the custom for
new mothers to eat a sesame- oil hot pot every day for the first
month after giving birth. It was believed that this dish would
benefit the muscles, reduce pain, improve circulation, stimulate
sweating, and warm the body.
In fact, these Chinese beliefs parallel some Western theories of
health, although each takes a different path toward the very same
goal. Western medicine actually recommends some of the exact
same ingredients that make up the chicken hot pot dish. Sesame
oil has been found to promote contraction of the womb while
providing lots of calories, and chicken meat is particularly high in
protein. Any Western doctor should be happy to suggest such a
Chinese dish after childbirth.
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目录
The elderly, weak, and young can also benefit greatly from tonic foods, especially during the
词汇
winter. Some foods, such as goat meat and spinach, are seen as “hot,” while others, such as
Chinese cabbage and radish, are seen as “cold.” One should be careful not to eat too much of
either “hot” or “cold” food. However, how much “hot” or “cold” food one should eat depends on
the time of the year, how the food is prepared and what it is prepared with, and the individual’s
health.
“Warm” or “cool” tonic foods are strongly
recommended. The choices for “warm” and
“cool” foods range from simple sea
cucumber to the delicacy of bird’s nest soup,
depending on the individual’s economic
circumstances.
The concept of tonic food is far from losing
credibility, either with Westerners or
practitioners of modern medicine. For
example, up until two years ago, tonic foods
were added to the meals served at a
renowned hospital.
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目录
The custom of prescribing tonic foods for a healthier life also spills over into the catering
industry. Although tonic foods themselves are losing popularity among the younger generation,
Chinese herbal medicines, such as wolfberry fruit, can be found on many a restaurant menu,
either added to fruit tea or as a beneficial addition to a dish. These herbs attract customers, such
as over-worked office staff, in need of a modest pick-me-up.
词汇
So, whether you need to boost your masculinity with a large helping of bull penis, or increase
your mental powers with a serving of pig’s brain soup, you may find that this ancient Chinese
custom could be just the tonic you were looking for.
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参考译文
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4.2 Work On Text B
4.2.1
Choose the best answers to the questions according to what you’ve learned from this passage.
1
What concept is almost unheard of in the West and is becoming increasingly ignored by the youth
of the East?
A
the western custom of drinking
B
he western custom of eating
C
the ancient custom of “tonic food.”
D
the modern custom of “tonic food.”
2
What does tonic food do to people?
A
It improves one’s well-being, or stave off sickness.
B
It relieves one’s could.
C
It get rid of one’s pain.
D
It makes people feel happy and gay..
3
What used to be the custom for new mothers?
A
To eat a sesame-oil hot pot every day for the first month before giving birth.
B
To eat a sesame- oil hot pot every day for the first month after giving birth.
C
To drink wine every day for the first month after giving birth.
D
To drink milk every day for the first month after giving birth.
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目录
4
Why should western doctor be happy to suggest such a Chinese dish after childbirth?
A
Because they believe sesame oil can promote contraction of the womb while providing lots of
calories, and chicken meat is particularly high in protein.
B
Because they like sesame oil and chicken meat themselves.
C
Because sesame oil has been found particularly high in protein.
D
Because chicken meat has been found to promote contraction of the womb while providing lots of
calories.
5
In which season can elderly people benefit greatly from tonic foods?
A
In summer.
B
In autumn.
C
In spring.
D
In winter
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4.2.2
Match the words in Column A with the proper definitions in Column B.
目录
词汇
Column A
Column B
[ K ] 1. cuisine
A) a small vegetable whose red or white root is eaten raw and has a strong spicy
taste
[ D ] 2. confess
B) keep sth off or away
[ F ] 3. ignore
C) make sb/sth more active or alert
[ B ] 4. stave off
D) say or admit, often formally
[ L ] 5. circulation
E) long green-skinned fleshy vegetable used raw in sandwiches and salads, or
pickled
[ C ] 6. stimulate
F) take no notice of
[ J ] 7. parallel
G) a vegetable with large dark green leaves
[ I ] 8. contraction
H) one of several natural substances that exist in food .
[ H ] 9. protein
I) the process of becoming smaller or narrower
[ G ] 10. spinach
J) be comparable or similar to
[ E ] 11. radish
K) a particular style of cooking
[ A ] 12. cucumber
L) movement of blood round the body from and back to the heart
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4.3 Translation
4.3.1
Directions: Put the following sentences into Chinese.
目录
词汇
1）But there is one interesting concept concerning Chinese food which is almost unheard
of in the West, and which is becoming increasingly ignored by the youth of the East—
the ancient custom of “tonic food.”
参考答案
不过中国菜有个有趣的观念──“食补”，这个古老的习俗在西方几乎是前所
未闻，而在东方则逐渐被年轻人忽视。
2) Tonic food is food which is consumed to improve one’s well-being, or stave off sickness,
particularly at times when one is more prone to illness.
食补是指通过食用某些食物以增进健康，或防止疾病，尤其在人容易生病的时候。
参考答案
3) However, how much “hot” or “cold” food one should eat depends on the time of the year,
how the food is prepared and what it is prepared with, and the individual’s health.
而热性及凉性食物摄食的多少，则应视时令、烹饪方式、烹饪调料及个人体质而定。 参考答案
4) The choices for “warm” and “cool” foods range from simple sea cucumber to the
delicacy of bird’s nest soup, depending on the individual’s economic circumstances..
“温性”与“凉性”食物受到大力推荐。“温性”与 “凉性”食物的选择从简单的
海参到美味的燕窝汤不等，视个人经济情况而定。
参考答案
5) Although tonic foods themselves are losing popularity among the younger generation,
Chinese herbal medicines, such as wolfberry fruit, can be found on many a restaurant
menu, either added to fruit tea or as a beneficial addition to a dish.
虽然食补在年轻人中受欢迎的程度正在减退，但在许多餐厅的菜单中都能看到中
药，像枸杞被加到水果茶中或是被当作有益的配料使用。
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参考答案
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4.3.2
1
Rewrite
2
Rewrite
3
Rewrite
4
Rewrite
5
Rewrite
Find out the errors in each of the following sentences. Then correct them by
rewriting the sentences.
目录
词汇
I ate the whole pie. Because I felt like it.
Because I felt like it, I ate the whole pie.
or I ate the whole pie because I felt like it.
参考答案
He was just too eager. And called me about 18 times.
He was just too eager. And he called me about 18 times.
参考答案
Because we love nature means a lot to our friends.
参考答案
Our love of nature means a lot to our friends.
He asked if we lived at home and were we happy.
He asked if we lived at home and whether we were happy
参考答案
She was lying in bed read a magazine.
参考答案
She was lying in bed reading a magazine
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5. Language Focus
Sentence Element
目录
词汇
There are 8 basic sentence elements in English language as listed in this table.
elements
Sample
1 Subject (S)
Chinese cuisine is widely known and enjoyed in all four corners of
the world.
2 predicate (PV)
More people are eating in pubs
3 Predicative (P)
He looks very angry.
4 object (O)
My parents bought me a lot of gifts.
5 Complement (C)
I found it difficult to refuse him.
6 Attribute (Attr)
Do you have time to help us? It is an interesting story.
7 Adverbial (Adv)
Her uncle lives in Canada.
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8 Apposition (App) We students should study hard.
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目录
5.1 Analyse the following sentences as required. One is done for you.
0
V+O+OC
1
S+PV
2
S+P
3
O+Adv
4
O+OC
5
App
6
Attr+P
词汇
We used to hear her singing early in the morning
V
O
OC
Coffee bars are appearing on every corner of our high streets.
S
PV
What I want most is to find a good job.
S
P
He did a lot of work at home.
O
Adv
I’ve never seen her dancing.
O
OC
Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's.
App
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Many pubs have become popular eating venues
Attr
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目录
5.2 Identify the elements underlined in each of the following sentences. Put your answer on the right column.
词汇
The first one is done for you.
0
Tonic food is food which is consumed to improve one’s well-being.
S+Attr
1
Eating and drinking habits have changed considerably in the last five years
Attr+V+Adv
2
Gastro-pubs serve restaurant standard food in a more informal setting.
S+V+O+Adv
3
It was once the custom for new mothers to eat a sesame- oil hot pot every day
P+S
4
Western medicine actually recommends some of the exact same ingredients that make
up the chicken hot pot dish.
S+O+Attr
5
Although tonic foods themselves are losing popularity among the younger generation,
Chinese herbal medicine can be found on many a restaurant menu.
App+Adv
6
Sesame oil has been found to promote contraction of the womb while providing lots
of calories.
S+V+C+Adv
7
Up until two years ago, tonic foods were added to the meals served at a renowned
hospital.
Adv+Attr
8
The choices for “warm” and “cool” foods range from simple sea cucumber to the
delicacy of bird’s nest soup
Attr+O
9
Scientists stressed good diet was vital in a child's early life as the brain grows
S+O+Adv
10
The results found after taking account of potentially influential factors, was associated
with a lower IQ at the age of eight and a half.
Attr+O
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5.3 Put the following Chinese into English according to the requirements given in the
blanks
1
目录
词汇
学好英语不是件容易的事。（infinitive as the subject）
It is not an easy thing to learn English./ To learn English is not an easy thing. 参考答案
2
我的计划是下周我们去郊游。(that clause as the predictive)
参考答案
My plan is that we go outing next week
3
在回家的途中我买了一本一直想看的书。(use an attributive clause)
On my way home I bought the book that I had ever been eager to read.
4
听到这个消息时，他们都高兴得跳了起来。(use a present participle phrase as an
adverbial )
参考答案
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
5
参考答案
和你相比，我们还有很大的差距。（use a past participle phrase as an adverbial ）
参考答案
Compared with you, we still have a long way to go.
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6. Communication Skills 2
Present Yourself
Start Here
目录
词汇
Have you ever received a memo and felt the sender really wasn't thinking about what you needed
to know or hear? Maybe you have attended corporate presentations that have simply left you cold? Or
perhaps you've even delivered communications yourself and realized, in retrospect, that you really
hadn't got the measure of your audience and their needs.
This is at best frustrating. At worst it is such a huge "turn off" that it can have a negative effect, or
even produce an effect that is the exact opposite of the one you had intended.
Whether you need to communicate general day-to-day information or "big news" about major
changes in your organization, the best communications start with some good planning.
The first step is to put yourself in the shoes of your audience. What do they need to know, and
want to hear? What's their preferred way of receiving information? What will stop them listening to
what you have to say? And how will you know that they have got the message?
So there's quite a bit more to good communications than preparing a good memo or presentation!
This tool will help you through the preparation steps and so help you create an audience-focused
communication plan that's sure to get your message heard.
Good corporate communications is very much like good marketing. You have a message (product)
that you need to ‘sell’ to your audience (customers). If they are going to ‘buy it’, you must package
the message so that they can understand it and pay attention to it. You must make sure the value and
benefit outweigh any downsides (the ‘price’ you are asking them to pay). And you must reach the
audience through the right communication channels. Then, following the communications (promotion),
you must be able to measure the effectiveness and how well the message is ‘bought’.
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7. Oral Training
7.1 Topics for Discussion
目录
词汇
Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following topics in turns. Choose one
or two of them.
1. My favorite food and drinks
2. In a supermarket
3. A plan for an English evening party
4. Eating out
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5. Prepare for a family dinner party
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7.2 Presentation Training
目录
词汇
Directions: Describe each of the following pictures in pairs by using your imagination.
Chinese food
fruit
At restaurant
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7.2 Interviewing Training
目录
词汇
Directions: Student A acts as a stewardess. Student B as a passenger. They are on the
plane. It’s time for lunch. Complete the talk according to some necessary Chinese Tips
given on the right.
Chinese Tips
Stewardess: What drinks would you like to have?
提供饮料
Passenger：Coffee, please
Stewardess: With sugar and cream?
Passenger: No, thanks.
谢绝
Stewardess: For lunch we have chicken, beef and Chinese noodles.
Which one would you like to have?
问对方想吃什
么
Passenger: Chinese noodles, please.
中国面条
Stewardess: Here you are. Any red wine?
提供红酒
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Passenger: No, thanks
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Don’t Take Too Much Salt
8. Extending Reading
Directions: The following article is chosen just for your homework in order to expand your knowledge
on food and drink. Try to get the main idea of this article with the help of dictionaries afterwards.
目录
词汇
Several decades after health officials began urging Americans to cut down on salt.
Do you know how much you're consuming?
If you're a typical American, it's about 3,400 milligrams of sodium per day. That's well beyond the 2,300
mg recommended by the U.S. Dietary Guidelines. And it's 15 times as much as the human body requires.
Average sodium intake has increased about 50% since the 1970s, largely because we're eating more
convenience foods. And as makers of processed food have cut down on fat and sugar, they've often added
more salt.
But all this sodium can be bad for your health.
Excess salt has been linked to osteoporosis, kidney damage and stomach cancer. Worse, it raises blood
pressure, a key factor in heart attacks and strokes, which kill about 850,000 Americans a year.
'After smoking, high blood pressure is the leading cause of preventable illness
and death,' says New York City Health Commissioner Thomas Frieden, who is
urging makers of packaged foods and restaurants nationwide to gradually
reduce their sodium content by 50% over the next 10 years. The Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention estimates that such a reduction could save
150,000 lives and $10 billion in health-care expenditures a year.
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Some 50 million Americans have hypertension (that is, blood pressure readings consistently at or
above 140/90 mm/Hg). Another 20 million are prehypertensive (with blood pressure from 120/80 to
139/ 89 mm/Hg). Hypertension is more common among African-Americans than whites, and nearly
90% of Americans eventually develop it as they age.
With that in mind, the CDC is urging anyone who has hypertension, is African-American or over age
40 -- nearly 70% of the U.S. population -- to follow a stricter guideline of just 1,500 mgs a day.
About 80% of Americans' salt intake comes from processed foods and restaurant meals; only 20%
comes from salt used in home cooking and added at the table. But cutting salt from processed food
isn't easy. Besides enhancing taste, salt helps provide texture to many foods and acts as a
preservative. And Americans have become accustomed to the taste.
目录
词汇
The Grocery Manufacturers Association, which represents food makers, says many of its members
have cut sodium in their products and introduced lower-salt items in recent years. But it believes that
any government effort needs to include consumer education and scientific research as well.
A few critics don't think a broad reduction in sodium is warranted. Michael Alderman, a professor of
medicine and public health at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in Bronx, N.Y., says it hasn't been
conclusively shown that cutting salt intake across the population would save lives, and it could have
unintended consequences. Lowering salt can cause kidney problems and contribute to insulin
resistance in some cases, says Dr. Alderman, who is an unpaid consultant to the Salt Institute, an
industry group.
Darwin Labarthe, director of the CDC's Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, counters
that there's a very broad consensus that reducing salt would cut the risk of heart attacks and strokes,
and there is little evidence of harmful effects. The American Heart Association, the American Medical
Association and the World Health Organization all urge lower salt consumption.
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目录
What can you do about your own salt intake? It's impossible to know for sure how much you're
consuming. Even raw chicken in the grocery store is sometimes 'enhanced' with salt water to make it
plumper (and heavier, and thus more costly). But you can get some idea by checking the Nutrition
Facts labels on products you buy and keeping a running tally.
词汇
Some bakery goods and breakfast cereals have far more sodium than you'd expect. There's often a wide
range of sodium among brands of the same product. Be sure to check the serving size indicated on the
label. A bag of chips that looks individual may be listed as multiple servings.
When you cook at home, experts counsel to use only half the salt the recipe calls for; experiment with
herbs and spices, or go with the natural flavor. Kids who grow up with less salt may never develop a
'salt tooth.‘
It may take a while to get accustomed to less salt, but once your tastes adjust, you may not want to go
back. Commissioner Frieden likens reducing salt to switching from whole milk to skim milk. 'If you go
back, whole milk tastes like heavy cream,' he says.
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9. World Anecdotes
The Countdown Clock Stops Working
目录
词汇
The countdown clock for the倒计时钟意外停摆
London Olympics is unveiled in Trafalgar
伦敦奥运倒计时500天
Square in central London. Tickets for the 2012 London Olympics go on
sale Tuesday. London Olympic organisers were left red-faced on Tuesday
英国伦敦本周二举办了隆重的2012年奥运倒计时钟揭幕仪式，
when a huge clock in Trafalgar Square marking the countdown to the 2012
Games stopped just hours after being unveiled at a glitzy ceremony. The
而仅在数小时后，矗立在特拉法加广场的巨型倒计时钟意外
steel digital clock measuring 6.5 metres tall and five metres long froze
停摆。伦敦奥组委官员可谓颜面尽失。这座数字显示式时钟
with 500 days, 7 hours, 6 minutes and 56 seconds to go before the start of
由钢材料制成，高6.5米，宽5米，突然停在了奥运倒计时第
the Games.
500天7小时6分56秒。本周一，伦敦奥组委主席塞巴斯蒂安
中
文
对
照
It had been unveiled on Monday by London Olympic organising
科和四位英国奥运冠军共同为倒计时钟揭幕。660万张奥运
committee (LOCOG) chairman Sebastian Coe and four British Olympic
gold
medallists, coinciding with 6.6 million Games tickets going on sale.
会门票也开始发售。倒计时钟制造商、瑞士欧米茄公司的发
言人发表声明称：“倒计时钟停摆，我们感到很失望。”但
"We are obviously very disappointed that the clock has suffered this
technical
issue," a spokesman for Swiss watchmakers Omega said in a
伦敦奥组委的一位女发言人却对这个故障一笑置之，补充说：
statement. However, a LOCOG spokeswoman laughed off the malfunction,
“它不是我们的钟表。”
adding "it is not our clock."
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Text A 参考译文
英国饮食狂
过去五年内，英国人的饮食习惯发生了巨大变化。越来越多的人去酒吧就餐——往日，
酒吧可是只供饮酒的地方，偶尔会有人周日中午去小餐一顿。咖啡吧也如雨后春笋，遍布在
目录
词汇
每条大街小巷的拐角处。
吧食
以往，英国人的外出就餐远不如今日之红红火火。面对琳琅满目、形形色色的选择，我
们却显得有些受宠若惊、无所适从。如今，饭店已经不再独占鳌头，我们的食欲可以得到各
种各样的满足。许多昔日里只供饮酒的酒吧纷纷摇身一变，成了深受大众欢迎的就餐场所。
除了供应常见吧食（馅饼加薯条、炸鱼加薯条、沙拉加薯条）的酒吧外，英国现有430多家
新式餐吧。这些新式餐吧供应饭店级饮食，环境却比饭店随便许多，许多新式餐吧则以供应
当地生产、独具当地风味的健康饮食而引以为豪。
餐馆业主兼美食家艾戈•罗内（Egon Ronay）近期出版了一本2006年新式餐吧指南。据
他说，这些餐吧的出现是他所目睹之英国饮食50年来“最大的变化”。
“我去外面吃饭倾向于到吧馆，因为即放松，又便宜，通常也方便。但如果是特殊的日
子，我还是会去饭店——并非传统的饭店，而是所谓的英国当代饭店。”—杰斯敏
（Jasmin），23岁，威德尼斯（Widnes）
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目录
咖啡
词汇
与以往相比，咖啡的种类和花样也是层出不穷，眼花缭乱之余，我们不禁啧啧称奇。
过去五年内，咖啡馆和咖啡店同样遍地开花，几乎无处不在，光顾这些地方也成了一
种趋之若鹜的大众消遣。倘若天公作美（其实，即便有时不作美也无伤大雅），我们
则采取大陆风情的室外就座。有的人喜欢独自前往，带上一本书或者一份报纸，怡然
自得地享受私人空间；有的人则不甘寂寞，喜欢喊上狐朋与狗友，热热闹闹地，同样
其乐无穷。对英国人而言，聚会喝咖啡或购物之余喝杯espresso或拿铁稍事休息正在
融入我们的文化之中。咖啡的地位如此之高，众多的吧馆和酒吧几乎均有供应。
我们的选择远非这些。面吧和果吧等更为健康的饮食去处正方兴未艾，日益赢得人们
的青睐。或许，它们不日即会独霸我们的大街小巷。
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Text B 参考译文
食补─中国吃的艺术
目录
中国菜誉满天下，为全世界人所喜爱。谁敢说自己不想尝一道美味的中国佳肴？不过中
词汇
国菜有个有趣的观念──“食补”，这个古老的习俗在西方几乎是前所未闻，而在东方则逐
渐被年轻人忽视。
食补是指通过食用某些食物以增进健康，或防止疾病，尤其在人容易生病的时候。举个
例子，在过去的习俗里，产妇在产后一个月内每天都要吃麻油鸡。人们认为这道菜对肌肉有
益，并能减轻疼痛、促进循环、刺激排汗和暖和身子。
事实上，这些中国人的信念与西方的某些健康理论相似，可谓殊途同归。西方医学确实
建议摄食几种和麻油鸡材料相同的成份。经证实麻油可以促进子宫收缩，同时提供高热量，
而鸡肉的蛋白质含量特别高。西方国家的医生应该也乐于建议妇女产后食用这道中国菜。
老年人、体弱者和年轻人也可以从食补中获得很大收益，尤其在冬季。一些像羊肉和菠
菜之类的食物，被视为“热性”食物，其它如大白菜及小红萝卜等，则被视为“凉性”食物。
要注意热性或凉性的食物都不能吃太多。而热性及凉性食物摄食的多少，则应视时令、烹饪
方式、烹饪调料及个人体质而定。
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目录
“温性”与“凉性”食物受到大力推荐。“温性”与 “凉性”食物的选择从简单的海参
词汇
到美味的燕窝汤不等，视个人经济情况而定。
西方人或现代医学的医生而言，食补的概念还远未丧失其可信度。比如大约两年前，一
家著名的医院就将食补纳入其供餐服务中。
将食补作为养生之道的习俗也影响到了公共饮食业。虽然食补在年轻人中受欢迎的程度
正在减退，但在许多餐厅的菜单中都能看到中药，像枸杞被加到水果茶中或是被当作有
益的配料使用。这些中药吸引了需要适度提神的顾客，如加班时间过长的上班族等。
因此，不管你是需要大力借助牛鞭来提振男性雄风，还是用猪脑汤来增进你的脑力，你
会发现古老的中国食补习俗可能就是你在寻觅的补药。
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Unit 3
Glossary
目录
appetite ['æpitait] n. physical desire, esp for food or pleasure 欲望；食欲；嗜好
词汇
circulation [,sə:kju'leiʃən] n. the average number of copies of a newspaper or magazine that
are usually sold each day, week, month etc 周期； 流通，传播；循环
confess [kən'fes] vt. say or admit, often formally (that one has done wrong, committed a
crime, etc) 承认；坦白
consensus [kən'sensəs] n. agreement in opinion; collective opinion 一致
considerably [kən'sidərəbli] adv. 相当地；非常地
continental [,kɔnti'nentəl] adj. belonging to or typical of a continent 大陆的；大陆性的
contraction [kən'trækʃən] n. contracting or being contracted 收缩，紧缩
critic ['kritik] n. person who expresses a low opinion of sb/sth, points out faults in sb/sth, etc
批评家，评论家；爱挑剔的人
cucumber ['kju:kʌmbə] n. 黄瓜
cuisine [kwi'zi:n] n. a particular style of cooking 烹饪，烹调法
dominate ['dɔmineit] vt. have control of or a very strong influence on (people, events, etc)
支配；控制
emergence [i'mə:dʒəns] n. when something begins to be known or noticed出现，浮现；发
生
espresso [e'spresəu] n. coffee made by forcing boiling water under pressure through ground
coffee（用汽加压煮出的）浓咖啡
expenditure [iks'penditʃə] n. action of spending or using 支出，花费
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目录
gastro-pub 美食酒吧
词汇
generate ['dʒenəreit] vt. cause (sth) to exist or occur; produce 使形成；发生；产生
hypertension [,haipə'tenʃən] n. great emotional tension; abnormally high blood pressure
过度紧张；高血压
ignore [iɡ'nɔ:] vt. take no notice of (sb/sth) 忽视，不理睬
insulin resistance 抗胰岛素性
intake ['inteik] n. the amount one takes摄取量
kidney ['kidni] n. either of a pair of organs in the body that remove waste products from the
blood and produce urine 肾脏
occasional [ə'keiʒənəl] adj. happening, coming, done, etc from time to time; not regular
偶然的；临时的；特殊场合的
osteoporosis [,ɔstiəupə'rəusis] n. a medical condition in which your bones become weak
and
break easily [外科] 骨质疏松症
parallel ['pærəlel] adj. be equal to (sth); match (sth) 平行的；类似的，相同的
practitioner [præk'tiʃənə] n. person who practises a skill or an art 实习者，从业者
previously ['pri:vjəsli] adv. before now or before a particular time 以前；预先
protein ['prəuti:n, -ti:in] n. substance found in meat, eggs, fish, etc that is an important bodybuilding part of the diet of humans and animals 蛋白质
pub grub
酒吧食物
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目录
词汇
radish ['rædiʃ] n. 萝卜
renowned [ri'naund] adj. famous 著名的；有声望的
restaurateur [,restɔrə'tə:, -tərə-] n. manager or owner of a restaurant 饭店主人；餐馆老板
sodium ['səudiəm] n. [化] 钠（11号元素，符号 Na）
spill [spil] vt. run or fall over the edge of a container 使溢出，使流出；使摔下
spinach ['spinidʒ, -itʃ] n. 菠菜
stave off = avoid 避开
stimulate ['stimjuleit] vt. make sb/sth more active or alert; arouse sb/sth
刺激；鼓舞，激励
variation [,vεəri‘eiʃən] n. change in structure or form caused by new conditions,
environment, etc 变异，变种；变化
venue ['venju:] n. place where people agree to meet, esp for a sports contest or match
场地；发生 地点
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单词学习完毕！
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目录
词汇
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