Transcript This source allows me to argue that social media can

Main Topic
Have eating disorders increased since social media
became prevalent? Has young women's well being
decreased since social media became prevalent?
Sub Topic
 Eating disorders have been directly related to social
media increasing, especially with the new “ideal
body” images.
Source 1: Relation of Media Exposure to Eating Disorder Symptomatology: An Examination of Mediating Mechanisms.
Authors: Eric Stice, Erika Schupak-Neuberg, & Richard I. Stein
Authors Credentials: Eric Stice: PHd senior research scientist at Oregon research institute, has conducted 10 prospective studies
investigating risk factors for future increases in eating pathology, body mass, and depression.
Erika Schupak- Neuberg: PHD in Clinical Psychologist Business
Richard I. Stein: Research Assistant Professor of Medicine Internal Medicine
Sources Bias: this source has no apparent bias to it, just straight facts backed up by evidence.
 “The sociocultural influences thought to contribute to eating disorders
include the thin ideal body image espoused for women, the centrality of
appearance in the female gender role, and the importance of appearance
of women’s societal success”
 Proves that one of the strongest messengers of these body image negative
pressures is mass media, social media.
 Confirms the apparent increase in eating disorders over the past few
decades since social media became apparent.
 “Body dissatisfaction in turn was expected to lead to eating pathology; the
more dissatisfied a women is with her body, the more likely she will
engage in drastic means to lose weight. Research found strong
associations between body dissatisfaction and eating disorders.”
 This source allows me to argue that social media; mass media
is one of the most influential causes of eating disorders in
women.
Source 3: Concurrent and Prospective Analyses of Peer, Television and Social Media Influences on Body Dissatisfaction, Eating
Disorder Symptoms and Life Satisfaction in Adolescent Girls.
Authors:Christopher J. Ferguson: an American psychologist who serves as a professor and co-chair of psychology at stetson university
of Florida. Monica E. Munoz: Associate Professor of Psychology, went to Texas Tech University
Adolfo garza: Department of psychology and communication, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, USA
Mariza Galindo: Department of psychology and communication, texas a&m international university, laredo usa.
Source bias: this source has no bias, straight facts with evidence to back it up.
 “increased incidence of eating disorders across the early and mid-
twentieth century seem to coincide with trends in the media toward
emphasizing thinness in women”
 Both males and females tend to view the pursuit of beauty as important for
females. This primary importance attributed to female beauty can
contribute to relatively higher body dissatisfaction levels among women
 “experiments with adolescent girls demonstrated significant relationships
between media ideals and body dissatisfaction”
 The current study concerns itself with the question of whether media
variables involving television or social media use will predict body
dissatisfaction or eating dis- order symptoms beyond the predictive
influence of peers.
 This source allows me to argue that social media has
demonstrated a big influence on body dissatisfaction and eating
disorders.
Source 2: Concurrent and Prospective Analyses of Peer, Television and Social Media Influences on Body Dissatisfaction, Eating
Disorder Symptoms and Life Satisfaction in Adolescent Girls.
Authors:Christopher J. Ferguson: an American psychologist who serves as a professor and co-chair of psychology at stetson university
of Florida. Monica E. Munoz: Associate Professor of Psychology, went to Texas Tech University
Adolfo garza: Department of psychology and communication, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, USA
Mariza Galindo: Department of psychology and communication, texas a&m international university, laredo usa.
Source bias: this source has no bias, straight facts with evidence to back it up.
 Social media use was found to contribute to later peer competition
suggesting potential body related outcomes.
 “Peer competition proved to be a strong predictor of negative
outcomes both currently and prospectively.”
 “it is concluded that the negative influences of social comparison are
focused on peers rather than television or social media exposure.”
 “it is believed and periodically proven that media influences on
body dissatisfaction may extend to eating disorder symptoms,
possibly explaining increases in eating disorders such as bulimia
nervosa”
 This source allows me to argue that social media can be
the apparent cause of the negative influences of social
comparisons of body image which lowers self esteem and
can be the cause of eating disorders.
Sub Topic
 Women’s self esteem has been decreasing as soon as
social media became prevalent with body image and
the ideal body and “goals”.
Source 4: Body image dissatisfaction: gender differences in eating attitudes, self esteem, and reasons for exercise
Authors & Authors Credentials: -Roberto Olivardia is a clinical psychologist and clinical instructor of psychology at harvard
medicalschool.
-Harrison G. Pope is an american professor and physician, currently professor of psychiatry at harvard medical school and an attending
physician at clean hospital
-Geoffery H. Cohane is a psychologist a clinical one who specializes in the treatment of anxiety, depression, and low self esteem
Source bias: this source has limited bias, but it doesn’t have much because its based in a study conducted with adolescents.
 “Only girls associated body dissatisfaction with the concept of self-esteem. Male self-esteem




was not affected by body dissatisfaction. Specific reasons for exercise were found to correlate
with low self-esteem and disordered eating, regardless of sex. The results are discussed in
relation to burgeoning published research in this area.”
“Boys were as likely to want to be heavier as lighter, whereas very few girls desired to be
heavier” according to a large amount of adolescents who participated in completing a
questionnaire which was based on the subject of attitudes while eating, self esteem, and
reasons for exercise.
“many eating disorders appear to start soon after puberty and persist through secondary school
years”
“Dissatisfaction with one's body image is often seen as a correlate of eating disorders. This has
been demonstrated by the high prevalence of eating disorders in groups in which there is an
increased emphasis on maintaining a thin, "ideal" body”
“This difference between the desire for a shape change in men, as opposed to weight loss
through dieting in women, may be a function of the different male and female ideals. The male
ideal is a V-shaped figure with an emphasis placed on large biceps, chest, and shoulders,
whereas the female ideal is to be extremely thin, with the emphasis placed on slim hips, bottom,
and thighs. Men's desire for weight gain would fit with the desire to achieve the male ideal Vshaped figure and to gain additional muscle.”
 This source allows me to argue that low self esteem about ones weight and
appearance can stem from other opinions and what they see on social media
about what the ideal body is, male or female.
Source 8: How do “body perfect” ideals in the media have a negative impact on body image and behaviors? Factors and processes
related to self and identity
Author Credentials: Helga Dittmar works at the university of Sussex, she's a senior lecturer, reader in psychology, has a 2002 teaching
award, and program director MS. Applied social psychology.
Source Bias: this source has no bias, its all straight facts backed up by experimental evidence as proof
 Body image has emerged as a core aspect of mental and physical well-being.
 “informed by sociocultural theory, a rapidly growing body of research addresses
the question of whether body perfect ideals in the mass media are a core risk
factor for negative body image, particularly in women. This work has moved
beyond assessments of whether or not negative exposure effects occur so that
significant progress has been made toward identifying diverse factors that
make individuals more or less vulnerable to body perfect ideals in the media.”
 “This special issue examines and extends this work in various ways. It offers a
critical analysis of the evidence base for a causal link between media and body
image. It presents new findings which support a qualified and complex picture
of media effects or influences, highlighting the importance not only of
individual differences, but also psychological processes, related to self and
identity.”
 This source allows me to argue my main point in how many negative
effects social media has influenced upon women and how rapidly
too.
Sub Topic
 Does social media affect men the same way? How
deeply are men affected?
 They are equally affected as women are.
Source 5: Biceps and body image: the relationship between muscularity and self esteem, depression and eating disorder symptoms.
Authors & Authors Credentials:-Adrian Furnham is a psychologist and management expert and professor of psychology at university
-Nicola Badmin is an author in the department go psychology and she went to the university college of london
-ian sneade is in the department of psychology and an author.
Source Bias: this source has limited bias about men but overall its all factual because its based on a study conducted to prove points.
 “men chose an ideal body with a mean of about 25 pounds more muscle than their
actual level of muscularity and about 8 pounds less body fat than their actual levels of
fat. This difference between men’s body reality and body ideal is consistent with the
findings of earlier studies”
 Men want the ideal body because that’s the ideal body and because they think
that that’s the body that females want to see and that’s the body they go for.
 This study is about men, it examined body image and associated psychological
traits of 154 men in college
 “American college men would exhibit substantial levels of body dissatisfaction”
 This source allows me to argue my sub topic question about how
social media effects men in the same way it effects women and what
the differences are and what exactly it effects.
Sub Topic
 These ideal body images and how often they are
presented in social media can have a significant
effect on mental state, psychologically.
Source 6: A critical review of evidence for a casual link between media, negative body image, and disordered eating in females
Authors & Authors Credentials: Michael Levine: Professor of Kenyon university with expertise in personal psych, media psych, and
abnormal psych. Sarah Murnen: She is a social psychologist who studies gender related issues from a feminist, socio cultural
perspective.
Source Bias: this source has no apparent bias, the article is obtained from the journal of social and clinical psychology.
 “Although media effects clearly meet a majority of the criteria, this analysis
indicates that, currently, engagement with mass media is probably best
considered a variable risk factor that might well be later shown to be a causal
risk factor.”
 This article goes into depth about the research that had been conducted
relating to mass media as a causal risk factor for negative body image and
females with eating disorders.
 This article allows me to argue that mass media/social media is
what puts lots of females at risk for psychological issues and body
issues and it shows its proof within the experiment and analysis
conducted.
Source 7: Women's exposure to thin and beautiful media images: body image effects of media ideal internalization and impact
reduction interventions.
Authors& Authors Credentials: Thomas Cash: department of psychology in old dominion university, corresponding author. Susan
Melnyk: department of psychology in old dominion university.
Source Bias: This source has minimum bias because it about how to address these issues but it has evidence to back up the research.
 “Exposure to media images of thin-and-beautiful women negatively affects the
body image and mood states of young women.”
 “the present experimental investigation with 123 young college women
evaluated the moderating effects of the extent of internalization of media
ideals. It also examined the preventative impact of two brief interventions.
Results indicated that relative to a control group, the exposure to thin-andbeautiful media images adversely influenced the state body image of
participants with high internalization levels.”
 “Media literacy interventions involving critical analyses of contents of the
media messages have been advocated to prevent internalization and social
comparison processes (Levine & Piran, 2004).”
 This source allows me to argue how to address the issues that social
media and mass media are causing young and old women with their
health issues/ mental health issues.
Source Logs

Stice, E., Neuberg, E. S., Shaw, H. E., & Stein, R. I. (1994, May 11). Relation of Media Exposure to Eating Disorder
Symptomatology: An Examination of Mediating Mechanisms. Retrieved February 20, 2017, from
http://web4.uwindsor.ca/users/j/jarry/main.nsf/032ecd0df8f83bdf8525699900571a93/aa9ed943e56182bf85256abe005b
c3f6/$file/stice%20et%20al%20(1994).pdf

Women's exposure to thin-and-beautiful media images: body image effects of media-ideal internalization and impactreduction interventions. (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2017, from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1740144504000737
Furnham, A., Badmin, N., & Sneade, I. (2002, February 15). Body Image Dissatisfaction: Gender Differences in Eating
Attitudes, Self-Esteem, and reasons for Exercise. Retrieved from
http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?sid=3f9e17b5-a8ef-4d7a-90eb8e0a3cdf9e51%40sessionmgr103&vid=0&hid=124&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWlwLHVybCxjb29raWUsdWlkJnNpdGU9ZWhv
c3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=8751900&db=s3h


Concurrent and Prospective Analyses of Peer, Television and Social Media Influences on Body Dissatisfaction, Eating
Disorder Symptoms and Life Satisfaction in Adolescent Girls. (n.d.). Retrieved February 22, 2017, from
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/S10964-012-9898-9

Olivardia , R., Pope, H., Borowiecki, J., & Cohane, G. (2003, October 22). Biceps and Body Image: The Relationship
Between Muscularity and Self-Esteem, Depression, and Eating Disorder Symptoms. Retrieved from
http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/men/5/2/112.pdf
Levine, M., & Murnen, S. (n.d.). A CRITICAL REVIEW OF EVIDENCE FOR A CAUSAL LINK BETWEEN MEDIA, NEGATIVE
BODY IMAGE, AND DISORDERED EATING IN FEMALES. Retrieved from
http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?sid=faeb5685-69e6-4f23-bc35efd2381ba378%40sessionmgr101&vid=0&hid=124&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWlwLHVybCxjb29raWUsdWlkJnNpdGU9ZWhv
c3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=36604147&db=pbh
Dittmar, H. (2017). HOW DO "BODY PERFECT" IDEALS IN THE MEDIA HAVE A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON BODY IMAGE
AND BEHAVIORS? FACTORS AND PROCESSES RELATED TO SELF AND IDENTITY. Retrieved from
http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?sid=38cab323-82a0-426e-ac07e63bb37a7dbb%40sessionmgr4008&vid=0&hid=4212&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWlwLHVybCxjb29raWUsdWlkJnNpdGU9Z
Whvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=36604149&db=pbh




Ferguson, C. J., Munoz, M. E., Garza, A., & Galindo, M. (2012, December 18). Concurrent and Prospective Analyses of Peer,
Television and Social Media Influences on Body Dissatisfaction, Eating Disorder Symptoms and Life Satisfaction in
Adolescent Girls. Retrieved February 20, 2017, from http://christopherjferguson.com/BodyImageProspective.pdf