Transcript Jkjk - UBC Psychology`s Research Labs

Psychology 307:
Cultural Psychology
Lecture 20
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Optional Paper Submission
• Papers are due on Thursday, April 4, 2013.
• You must submit your paper during class. If you are
unable to attend class on the day the paper is due, please
have someone hand it in for you at the start of class.
• Late papers and papers left in mailboxes or submitted
via e-mail will not be accepted.
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• In addition to submitting your paper in class, you must
submit your paper electronically to TurnItIn.
• The electronic copy submitted to TurnItIn must be
identical to the hard copy submitted in class; do not
change the content or format of the document.
• Your paper will not be graded if you do not submit it
to TurnItIn by 11:59 pm on April 4, 2013.
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What is TurnItIn?
• TurnItIn is a plagiarism detection system that scans
and compares your paper to online content (e.g., other
students’ papers, published works, websites).
• It provides an “originality report” that documents the
overlap between your paper and online content.
• It indicates the source of plagiarized content (overlap is
acceptable if it is properly cited—see APA guidelines).
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TurnItIn Instructions
• Go to www.turnitin.com
• To create your own account, click on “Create Account” in
the upper right hand corner of the screen.
• You will need the following information to create your
account or add this course to your existing account:
Class ID: 6298150
Password: psychology
Psychology 305
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• Step-by-step instructions are available in the “Student
Quickstart Guide” at http://www.turnitin.com/static/
support/guides_manuals.html.
• You may view your originality report before submitting
your paper to address any concerns regarding plagiarism.
• Please contact your TA if you have any questions or
difficulties submitting your paper to TurnItIn.
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Mental Health
1. What is a psychological disorder?
2. What psychological disorders are universally recognized?
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By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:
1. discuss cultural differences in rates of depression.
2. explain cultural differences in the symptoms of
depression.
3. define the term: alexithymia.
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4. discuss cultural similarities in rates of schizophrenia.
5. discuss cultural differences in the symptoms and
prognosis of schizophrenia.
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What is a psychological disorder?
A woman is in the midst of a group of people but seems
totally unaware of her surroundings. She is talking loudly
to no one in particular, is often using words that people
around her find unintelligible, and is occasionally barking.
When later questioned about her behaviour, she reports
that she was talking with a man who had recently died
and had briefly been possessed by the spirit of a dog.
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● Psychological disorders are typically described as
states that:
(a) are statistically rare.
(b) cause subjective distress or impaired social
functioning.
● Cognitive or behavioural patterns that are described
as psychological disorders in one culture may not be
described as psychological disorders in other cultures.
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● In recent years, researchers have become increasingly
interested in examining differences in the occurrence
of psychological disorders across cultures.
● Their research has demonstrated that there are
psychological disorders that are universally recognized
and psychological disorders that are specific to distinct
cultural groups.
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What psychological disorders are universally
recognized?
1. Depression
 According to the DSM, depression is characterized by
a depressed mood, an inability to experience pleasure,
fatigue, changes in appetite or sleep patterns, poor
concentration, a sense of guilt or worthlessness, and
suicidal ideation.
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 Across cultures, medical practitioners have identified
individuals who display this pattern of symptoms,
suggesting that depression is a universal psychological
disorder.
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 Nevertheless, the prevalence of depression and the
primary symptoms of depression vary across cultures.
With respect to the primary symptoms of depression,
psychological symptoms are most frequently reported
in some countries (e.g., Canada, the U.S.), whereas
somatic symptoms are most frequently reported in
other countries (e.g., China, Mexico).
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 Neurasthenia is a relatively common diagnosis among
Chinese psychiatric patients, not found in the DSM.
Neurasthenia is characterized by somatic symptoms:
poor appetite, headaches, insomnia, inability to
concentrate.
Kleinman (1982) interviewed Chinese neurasthenia
patients and concluded that a majority (87%) could be
diagnosed as having depression, although only 9% of
them reported depressed mood as a chief complaint.
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 Several theories have been proposed to account for
cultural differences in the primary symptoms of
depression:
(a) Cultural differences in the stigma associated with a
psychological versus physiological disorder.
(b) Cultural differences in the tendency to attend to
psychological versus somatic symptoms.
(c) Cultural differences in the tendency to view the mind
and body as distinct entities.
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 Ryder et al. (2008):
 Compared psychiatric outpatients in China and
Canada.
 Patients’ symptoms were assessed using three
methods: a spontaneous problem report completed
with a clinician; a standard clinical interview; and a
questionnaire completed privately.
 Patients also completed measures of “concern with
stigma” and “externally-oriented thinking” (i.e.,
alexithymia).
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Z-Scores
SPR: Spontaneous Problem Report
SCI - Structured Clinical Interview
SxQ - Symptom Questionnaire
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 Found that:
(a) Chinese participants scored higher than Canadian
participants on concern with stigma, for both
psychological and somatic symptoms.
(b) Chinese participants scored higher than Canadian
participants on externally-oriented thinking.
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2. Schizophrenia
 According to the DSM, schizophrenia is characterized
by auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions,
disorganized speech, flat affect, and disorganized or
catatonic behaviour.
 Across cultures, medical practitioners have identified
individuals who display this pattern of symptoms,
suggesting that schizophrenia is a universal
psychological disorder.
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 Multinational studies (Colombia, Czechoslovakia,
Denmark, England, India, Nigeria, the Soviet Union,
Taiwan, US; WHO, 1973, 1919, 1981) indicate that the
prevalence of schizophrenia is similar across countries
and has remained relatively constant across time.
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 Nevertheless, the primary symptoms of schizophrenia
vary across cultures.
Paranoid schizophrenia is reported relatively frequently
in some countries (e.g., England, the U.S.), whereas
catatonic schizophrenia is reported relatively frequently
in other countries (e.g., India, Nigeria).
 The prognosis for schizophrenia is better for individuals
living in developing countries than individuals living in
developed countries.
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3. Other disorders
 There are several other psychological disorders
identified in the DSM that are found across cultures:
Social anxiety disorder
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Personality disorders (e.g., antisocial personality
disorder)
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Mental Health
1. What is a psychological disorder?
2. What psychological disorders are universally recognized?
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