Transcript ppt_ch11
Chapter 11 Psychological Disorders Module 11.1 What Is Abnormal Behavior? Module 11.1 Preview Questions What criteria are used to determine whether behavior is abnormal? What are the major models of abnormal behavior? What are psychological disorders? Criteria Typically Used to Identify Abnormal Behavior Unusualness Social deviance Emotional distress Maladaptive behavior Dangerousness Faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality Cultural Bases of Abnormal Behavior Cultural context important when making judgments about abnormal behavior Abnormal behavior patterns may be expressed differently in different cultures Judgments of what is abnormal behavior can change over time Early Beliefs About Abnormal Behavior Abnormal behaviors caused by supernatural forces Doctrine of demonic possession Treatment was exorcism Medical Model of Abnormal Behavior Result of the rapid advances in medical science during 18th and 19th centuries Abnormal behavior patterns represent mental illnesses that have a biological basis Can be classified by their particular characteristics or symptoms Psychological Models of Abnormal Behavior Psychodynamic Model: abnormal behaviors arise from unconscious conflicts Psychological symptoms are the outward expressions of inner turmoil Behavioral learned Model: abnormal behaviors are Psychological Models of Abnormal Behavior (Cont’d) Humanistic Model: abnormal behaviors result from roadblocks on the path toward self-actualization Cognitive Model: irrational or distorted thinking leads to emotional problems and maladaptive behaviors Sociocultural Model of Abnormal Behavior Views causes of abnormal behavior within a broader social and cultural context Abnormal behavior may have more to do with social ills or failures of society Focus also on the effects of labeling people as mentally ill Biopsychosocial Model of Abnormal Behavior Abnormal behavior results from the complex interactions of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors Example: Diathesis-Stress Model Diathesis: What is the person’s vulnerability or predisposition to developing a disorder? Stress: What level of stress is the person experiencing? Psychological Disorders Distinctive patterns of abnormal behavior Also known as “mental disorders” or “mental illnesses” Involve disturbances of mood, behavior, thought processes, or perceptions that result in significant personal distress or impaired functioning Classification of Psychological Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) now in a 4th, text revised edition (DSM-IV-TR). Multiaxial system Axis I: Clinical disorders Axis II: Personality disorders Axis III: General medical conditions Axis IV: Psychosocial and environmental problems Axis V: Global assessment of functioning Module 11.2 Anxiety Disorders Module 11.2 Preview Questions What are the major types of anxiety disorders? What causal factors are implicated in anxiety disorders? What is an Anxiety Disorder? Anxiety can be an adaptive response But can become abnormal when excessive or when interferes with ability to function “Fear” is used to describe anxiety experienced in specific situations Types of Anxiety Disorders Phobias Social phobia Specific phobia Agoraphobia Panic disorder Generalized anxiety disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13 - 17 Phobias An irrational or excessive fear of some object or situation Three types of phobic disorders: Social Phobia Specific Phobia Agoraphobia Panic Disorder Person experiences sudden episodes of sheer terror called panic attacks. Panic attacks are characterized by intense physical symptoms. Over time, panic attacks can become associated with specific situations. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Persistent anxiety not tied to any particular object or situation Anxiety Key has a “free-floating” quality feature is excessive worry Other characteristics include shakiness, inability to relax, fidgeting, and feelings of dread and foreboding Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Person experiences persistent obsessions and/or compulsions Obsessions: nagging, intrusive thoughts person feels unable to control Compulsions: repetitive behaviors or rituals the person feels compelled to perform repeatedly Causes of Anxiety Disorders Biological factors: Heredity Disturbances in brain biochemistry or circuits Psychological factors: Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Cognitive factors Module 11.3 Dissociative and Somatoform Disorders Module 11.3 Preview Questions What are dissociative disorders? What causal factors are implicated in dissociative disorders? What What are somatoform disorders? causal factors are implicated in somatoform disorders? Dissociative Disorders Involve problems with memory or changes in consciousness or self-identity Inability to maintain a cohesive sense of self or unity of consciousness Results in unusual or bizarre behavior Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): Two or more distinct personalities exist within same individual Commonly called “multiple” or “split personality” Women tend to have 15+ identities; men tend to have 8+ identities. Dissociative Amnesia Loss of memory about self or life experiences No physical cause for amnesia Memory lost usually involves a stressful or traumatic event Generalized amnesia is much less common Causes of Dissociative Disorders Role Is of traumatic experiences: Childhood sexual abuse Psychological pain or conflict DID a genuine disorder? A form of attention-seeking role playing? Inadvertently cued by therapists? Somatoform Disorders Person has physical ailments or complaints that cannot be explained medically Or may have belief that gravely ill despite reassurances to the contrary Conversion Disorder Loss of functioning, feeling, or movement in specific body part But no physical cause for the symptoms. Lack of concern with symptoms La belle indifférence May be a way of avoiding anxiety associated with painful or stressful conflicts or situations Many cases turn out to be unrecognized medical conditions Hypochondriasis Preoccupied with idea of health problems Attribute physical complaints or symptoms to a serious underlying disease Rejects reassurances that concerns are groundless May not realize how their anxiety may be causing the symptoms being experienced Causes of Somatoform Disorders Freud: hysterical symptom an indication of unconscious conflicts Learning Theories: symptoms help person avoid painful or anxiety-evoking situations Reinforcement for “sick role” Cognitive Theories: cognitive biases lead to misinterpreting bodily symptoms Module 11.4 Mood Disorders Module 13.4 Preview Questions What are some types of mood disorders? What causal factors are implicated in mood disorders? Who is at risk for suicide? Why do people commit suicide? Mood Disorders Severe or persistent disturbances of mood that limit one’s ability to function Will focus on two major forms of mood disorder: Major Depressive Disorder Bipolar Disorder Major Depressive Disorder Symptoms: Depressed mood for at least two weeks Sadness Worthlessness Changes in sleep, appetite Lethargy Loss of interest, concentration Prevalence of Major Depression About 16% of adult U.S. population develop major depression at some point Women twice as likely as men to develop disorder Possibly due to hormonal or other biological differences is one possible explanation But also may be due to differences in levels of stress experienced Gender differences in how one copes with depression Bipolar Disorder Person shifts between manic episodes and periods of depression with intervening periods of normal mood Formerly called manic-depression About 1% of adult U.S. population suffers from a bipolar disorder Psychological Models of Depression Classic Psychodynamic Theory: depression involves anger turned inward against self Behavioral Model: depression results from changes in reinforcement levels Cognitive Model: how people interpret events contributes to emotional disorders Aaron Beck: one is prone depression if one adopts a negatively biased or distorted way of thinking Learned Helplessness Model Depression results from belief that one is helpless to control reinforcements Reformulated Model: How are negative events explained? Depressive Attributional Style involves making internal, global, and stable attributions for disappointments and failures Causes of Mood Disorders: Biological Factors Chemical imbalances in brain involving the levels or activity of neurotransmitters Hereditary influences Suicide Second leading cause of death among college students More than 1000 college students end their own lives each year Highest suicide rate found in adults 75 or older Nearly one-half million Americans make serious suicide attempts each year. About 30,000 Americans and 1 million people worldwide commit suicide each year. Who is most at risk? Age Older adults at greatest risk Gender Women attempt suicide more frequently Men complete the act more frequently Race/Ethnicity White Americans and Native Americans more likely to commit suicide Factors in Suicide Closely linked to mood disorders Role of biochemical factors? Lack of serotonin may lead to a disinhibition effect Drugs and alcohol Lack of coping responses Exit events or losses of supportive persons Teens and copycat suicides Myths About Suicide (see Table 11.3 for more detail) People who threaten suicide are only seeking attention. A person must be insane to attempt suicide. Talking about suicide with a depressed person may prompt the person to attempt it. People who attempt suicide and fail aren’t serious about killing themselves. If someone threatens suicide, it is best to ignore it so as not to encourage repeated Module 11.5 Schizophrenia Module 11.5 Preview Questions What are common symptoms of schizophrenia? What are the three specific types of schizophrenia? What causal factors are implicated in schizophrenia? What is the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia? Schizophrenia Most closely corresponds to popular notion of insanity or madness Affects about one adult in a hundred Characterized by bizarre, irrational behavior Somewhat more common in men than in women Follows a lifelong course Typically develops in late adolescence or early adulthood Symptoms of Schizophrenia A psychotic disorder: Confuses fantasy with reality Experiences hallucinations and delusions May exhibit bizarre behavior, incoherent speech, and illogical thinking Thought disorder Positive vs. negative symptoms Behavioral excesses vs. behavioral deficits Types of Schizophrenia Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid Causes of Schizophrenia Genetic factors Biochemical Brain imbalances abnormalities Psychosocial influences Stressful life experiences Diathesis-stress model revisited Continue Module 11.6 Personality Disorders Module 11.6 Preview Questions What are the major types of personality disorders? What characteristics are associated with antisocial personality disorder? What causal factors are implicated in antisocial personality disorder? Personality Disorders A cluster of psychological disorders characterized by excessively rigid patterns of behavior Behavioral patterns become self-defeating Person has deeply ingrained maladaptive personality traits Types of Personality Disorders Paranoid Histrionic Schizoid Narcissistic Schizotypal Avoidant Antisocial Dependent Borderline Obsessive- compulsive Symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder Disregard for rules of society Lack of concern for others Act on selfish impulse Irresponsible Take advantage of others for own need or personal gain Lack remorse for mistreatment of others May be highly intelligent and charming Causes of Antisocial Personality Disorder Brain abnormalities Genetic contributions Exaggerated cravings for stimulation Environmental factors Family history Application: Module 11.7 Suicide Prevention Facing the Threat of Suicide Recognize the seriousness of the situation Take implied threats seriously Express understanding Focus on alternatives Assess the immediate danger Enlist the person’s agreement to seek help Accompany the person to seek help