Transcript Pathology of Aging

Pathology of
Development
Fetal Development
 Gestation
Length of time b/t first day of
last menstrual period (LMP)
to birth (about 40 weeks).
 Gestational Age
 Length of time b/t
conception and birth (about
38 weeks)
 The 3rd-8th weeks of gestation
are the most crucial time for
development.
 Organogenesis-cells begin
differentiating into their
respective organs.
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CNS is forming within the
1st week.
Heart rate is detected by
4th week.
All organs are formed by
th
Misanthrope (n)- someone who dislikes mankind.
Hedonist (n)- someone who takes too much enjoyment on the pleasures of life.
To exacerbate (v)- to make something worse
Eccentric (adj)- to act quirky and differently than others; odd, peculiar.
Ubiquitous (adj) – something that is always present; widespread
Omniscient (adj)- all-knowing
Vacuous (adj)- lacking intelligence or ideas; stupid.
Melancholy (n)- (melancholic-adj) to be in a habitual state of depression and gloominess
Detrimental (adj)- causing damage or injury to something.
Fetal Development
 Teratogenic Agents
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Things that cause damage
during fetal development
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Alcohol (fetal alcohol
syndrome)
Radiation
Smoking (low birthweight
and increase chance of
stillbirths)
Pharmaceutical drugs
(thaladomide)
Cocaine
Virus (measles, rubella)
Mercury, Fluoride, Lead
and other heavy metals
Damage to embryo occurs
in the first few weeks before
pregnancy is even detected.
Diagnostic Testing for Pathology
 Recommended for
Family history of a specific
disease
 If you have given birth to a child
with abnormality
 Woman over the age of 35
 Abnormality occur in 1:28 live
births.
 Amniocentesis
 Extracting amniotic fluid with a
needle in utero (in the womb).
 To abort or not to abort.
 Tim Tebow
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Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
 Ideopathic
 Most common chromosomal disorder
Age 30, 1:1000
 Age 35, 1:500
 Age 40 1:40
 Detected in utero near 20th Week.
 Features
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Small Head
Slanted eyes
Cognitive Impairment
Incomplete sexual development
Adolescent Pathology
 Adolescence=time of great
change
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Puberty-Age 10-12.
 The pituitary gland
releases gonadotropins
which causes:
 Ovaries to release
estrogen and
progesterone.
 Menstruation occurs.
 Testicles to release
testosterone
 Testicles begin to produce
sperm.
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The body develops
secondary sex traits.
Obesity
 Obesity is determined
by calculating your body
mass index (BMI)
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Weight / Inches /
Inches X 703.
 Obesity increases your
chances of acquiring
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Type II Diabetes
High Blood Pressure
High Cholesterol
Spinal Abnormalities
 Kyphosis “Hunchback”
 Lordosis “Swayback”
 Scoliosis
 Lateral curvature of spine
 5:1 more common in woman
 Mild in most people who
have it, if severe person
needs surgery.
Anorexia Nervosa
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Mental condition of extreme weight loss due to selfstarvation, laxative, excessive exercising.
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Profile:
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perfectionist
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high-achiever
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family strife
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sexual molestation
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fear of becoming fat
Symptoms:
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malnourishment
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amenorrhea
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low body temp.
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cold intolerance
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dry skin, brittle nails
Results:
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dehydration and malnourishment lead to
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kidney failure,
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electrolyte imbalances which leads to cardiac
arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms) which
leads to
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cardiac arrest
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death
Body Dysphormic Disorder
 Believing you look fatter than you actually
look.
Bulemia
 Characterized by rapid eating of excessive
amount of food followed by purging,
 typically in the form of vomiting
 Also excessive exercising, water,
laxatives, diuretics, etc.
 Profile is similar to anorexia
 Person can be of normal weight yet purge
3-4 times a day.
 Symptoms:
 Amenorrhea or dysmenorrhea
 Erosion of tooth enamel
 Oral sores
 Chronic esophagitis with chronic sore
throat and dysphagia.
 Scars on the back of finger or palms.
Schizophrenia
 Chronic mental condition
which features the following
symptoms:
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Visual and auditory
hallucinations
Delusions of personal
grandeur
The belief that people are
plotting against you.
 Group stalking
Detachment, increased drug
use, and suicidal ideation.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
 Formerly Multiple Personality
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Disorder.
Person has at least 2 distinct
personalities (alter egos)
One personality controls the
other
Main personality has time of
amnesia.
Cause: Trauma (physical/sexual)
Controversy:
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CIA
Implanted personalities.
Bipolar (Manic Depressive) Disorder
 Episodes of happiness and
excitement (mania) followed by
episodes of depression.
 Mania
 Racing Thoughts
 Low Attention Spain
 Extreme Happiness
 Risky behavior, drug abuse,
hypersexuality
 Depression
 Sadness, anxiety, guilt, isolation,
hopelessness.
 Causes: Genetics, Trauma
DSM-IV
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders- 4th Edition
The bible of mental disorders
Any time a patient arrives with symptoms/signs of
mental disorder, the therapist uses the book to
diagnose them
The DSM contains the signs of over 100 illnesses.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
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A pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant
behavior lasting 6 mos or more
Features:
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Quick temper
Actively defies or refuses to comply
with adults’ request or rules
Blames others for his/her mistakes
Often vindictive, spiteful, resentful, and
angry
Treatment
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Medication and therapy.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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Persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that cause
marked anxiety
The patient cannot stop obsessing over those thoughts
To control the obsession, the patient begins repetitive
behavior {the compulsion} (hand-washing, ordering,
checking) or mental acts (praying, counting, etc) that the
person feels driven to do to response to the obsession.
It offers them relief
Trichotillomania, onycophagia, nymphomania, cutting or
all examples of the compulsion to control it.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
(PTSD)
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The person experiences or was confronted with an event that
involved actual death or serious injury
The person’s response includes intense fear and
helplessness.
The traumatic event is re-experienced in the patient’s mind
constantly either awake or in dreams
Avoidance of event (Don’t want to speak of it.)
Hypervigilance, worried the event will happen again
Anger and Rage
Post-Abortive Syndrome is an example of PTSD.
Borderline Personality Disorder
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“Relationship” disorder
A pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships
characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization
(mania) and devaluation (self-hatred).
When relationship worsens/ends, the patient:
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Marked impulsivity in either spending of money, sex,
drugs, binge eating, etc
Unstable image of self
Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or mutilating
behavior
Chronic feelings of emptiness
Inappropriate intense anger and raging when
relationship encounters difficulty or ends
Paranoia
Antisocial Personality Dis (ASPD)
(formerly known as Sociopathty/Psychopathy
 Sociopaths/Psychopaths feature the
following symptoms:
 Failure to conform to social norms
as to what is right/wrong.
 Apparent lack of remorse or
empathy toward others/misanthropy
 Master Liar and manipulator
 Cruelty to animals
 Volatile temperament
 Hypersexuality
 Lack of relationships/Abusive to
peers
 But all of this is masked by an
outward appearance of normalcy.
 Examples, Ted Bundy and Jeffrey
Dahmer
Self-Mutilation
 Intentional, direct harming of the
body with NO intention of suicide
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May manifest in the following
ways:
 Excessive tattooing
 Excessive piercing
 Cutting
Mutilating gives the persona
momentary relief from the intense
feelings he/she is dealing with,
such as
 Anxiety, depression, stress,
emotional numbness, selfloathing
 History of abuse
Impulse Control Disorder
 One’s inability to deal with one’s
issues and stresses so it is
manifested in the following ways.
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Kleptomania (compulsive stealer)
Pyromania (fire-starter)
Pathological gambling
Trichotillomania (compulsive hairpulling)
Onychophagia (compulsive nail
biting)
Nymphomania (sex addiction)
Acne Vulvaris
 More common in males, increases
due to gonadotropins.
 Sebaceous glands in skin (they
secrete oil to keep your skin moist)
become clogged and then infected.
 Pustules=raised red mass of pus
 Condition worsens with squeezing
and rupturing and may lead to
scarring.
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Increasing factors
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Genetics
Increase sex hormones
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Use of heavy creams and drugs
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Improper hygiene
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Infectious Mononucleosis
 Caused by Epstein-Barr virus which
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attacks Lymphocytes (WBC)
Virus is spread by direct contact, typically
by saliva or blood, and resides in
pharynx then spreads to lymphatic
system
Incubation is 4-6 weeks
Symptoms
 Sore throat, headache, fever,
weakness
 Enlarged lymph nodes
 Rash
 Enlarged spleen (be careful athletes)
No cure, meds taken to ease symptoms.
Geriatric
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Aging brings about general deterioration on the
cellular level, which then leads to tissue, organ,
and organ system wear-and-tear.
Reproductive
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Integumentary (Skin)
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the cessation of estrogen causes dryness of
vagina
Increase in sex cancers
Sperm in men deteriorate
Prostate gland enlarges (benign prostatic
hypertrophy)
Collagen and elastin loss in skin make it
thinner and weaker.
Skeletal
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Decreased Calcium and osteoblast activity
lead to greater fractures and osteoporosis, or
weakening of bones.
Cartilage b/t bones withers away leading to
Osteoarthritis.
Intervertebral discs wither leading to greater
disc hernation.
Geriatric (cont)
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Respiratory
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Neurological
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Dental gums decrease
Decrease salivary secretions
Xerostomia-dry mouth
Obesity occurs since metabolism decreases
Slower or inconsistent peristalsis leads constipation
Urinary
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Axons and dendrites on neurons wither
Neurotransmitter chemicals b/t neurons lose potency.
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Increased pressure in eye leads to glaucoma
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The eye lens becomes darkened, leads to
cataracts
Digestive
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Elasticity in the alveoli decreases leads to more labored
breathing.
Strained urination due to prostate enlargement
Frequent nocturia
Relaxing of urethral sphincter leads to incontinence.
Infection increase due to less potent immune system
Increase cancer due to longer exposure to carcinogens.
Dementia (also known as senility)
 A loss of cognitive ability in a
person’s mind
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Normally seen as
 Difficulty problem-solving
 Memory Loss
 Repetition of words
 Disorientation (“who are you?”
“where am I?”
Alzheimer’s is a type of dementia.