Transcript Psychological Health - McGraw Hill Higher Education

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Contributes to every dimension of
wellness
 Psychological health

› Defined positively (presence of wellness), or
› Defined negatively (absence of sickness)
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Abraham Maslow’s Toward a Psychology
of Being (1960s)
 Hierarchy of needs (in order of decreasing
importance)

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›
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Physiological needs
Safety
Being loved
Maintaining self-esteem
Self-actualization
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Refers to fulfilling human potential
 Self-actualized people share certain
qualities:

› Realism
› Acceptance
 Self-concept
 Self-esteem
› Autonomy
› Authenticity
› Capacity for intimacy
› Creativity
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
Three different but equally valid paths
› The Pleasant Life
› The Engaged Life
› The Meaningful Life
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Not the same as psychological normality
 Mentally normal simply means being
close to average
 Psychological diversity

› Range of ideas, lifestyles, and attitudes

“Mentally ill” versus “mentally healthy”
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
Growing up psychologically
› Developing adult identity
› Developing intimacy
› Developing values and purpose
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
Develop a positive self-concept

Meet challenges to self-esteem

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Be less defensive
Be optimistic
› Begins in childhood
› Integration
› Stability
› Challenge is your self-concept
 Acknowledge that something has gone wrong
› Notice your patterns of thinking
› Avoid focusing on the negative
› Develop realistic self-talk
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
Maintain honest communication
› Assertiveness training
Deal with loneliness
 Deal with anger

› Manage your own anger
› Deal with anger in other people
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
Anxiety (fear) disorders
› Simple (or “specific”) phobia
 Fear of something definite
 Most common and most understandable
› Social phobia
 15 million Americans experience social phobia
 Fear of humiliation or embarrassment while being
observed by others
› Panic disorders
 Sudden unexpected surges in anxiety
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Rapid and strong heartbeat
Shortness of breath
Loss of physical equilibrium
Feeling of losing mental control
 Agoraphobia
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
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
› Reaction to future threats is to worry
› Worries have taken over

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
› Obsessions – recurrent, unwanted thoughts
› Compulsions – repetitive, difficult-to-resist actions

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
› Reaction to a severely traumatic event

Treatment for anxiety disorders
› Medication
› Psychological interventions
 Cognitive-behavioral therapies
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
Depression
› Demoralization

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Feeling of sadness and hopelessness
Loss of pleasure
Poor appetite
Insomnia
Restlessness
Thoughts of worthlessness
Trouble concentrating
Thoughts of death or suicide
› Dysthymic disorder
 Symptoms for longer than 2 years
› Suicide
› Treatment
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Drug therapy
Psychotherapy
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Light therapy
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
Mania and Bipolar Disorder
› Gender differences
 Equal numbers of men and women suffer

Schizophrenia
› Uncertain what causes it
› General characteristics:
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Disorganized thoughts
Inappropriate emotions
Delusions
Auditory hallucinations
Deteriorating social and work functioning
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Figure 3.2
Nerve Cell Communication
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
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Third leading cause of death for ages 15 to 24
Women attempt three times as many suicides
as men do
Men have much higher suicide rates than
women do
Whites and Native Americans have highest
rates of suicide
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
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Depression
Expressing the “wish” to be dead
Revealing contemplated methods of suicide
Increasing social withdrawal and isolation
Sudden, inexplicable lightening of mood
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
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History of previous attempts
Suicide by a family member or friend
Readily available means of committing suicide
History of substance abuse or eating disorders
Serious medical problems
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
Four different perspectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.

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Biological Model
Pharmacological therapy
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Antidepressants
Mood stabilizers
Antipsychotics
Anxiolytics and hypnotics
Stimulants
Anti-dementia drugs
Behavioral Model
Stimulus, response, and reinforcement
Practice exposure
Cognitive Model
Effect of ideas on behavior and feeling
Psychodynamic Model
Thoughts; focus more on the present
Evaluation of the models

Combining different therapies
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
Self-help
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Books
Writing in a journal
Religion
Social groups
Peer counseling and support groups
Professional help
› Determine the need
› Choose a mental health professional
 Psychiatrists
 Clinical psychologists
 Social workers
 Licensed counselors
 Clergy
 Hospital treatment team
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