Transcript hales_ith15e_powerpoint_lectures_chapter03

Chapter
3
Caring for Your Mind
Elizabeth Lytle, MPH, BSN, RN
Los Altos School District
In This Chapter, You Will Learn To:
Key structures of the brain
LIST
Depression symptoms and treatment
Suicide symptoms and prevention
Neurons and their role in the brain
Difference between mental health and
DESCRIBE
mental illness
Options for yourself in case of mental
illness
Three Important Structures Of The Brain
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain Stem
Brain Messages Are Sent Through Neurons
Neurons are nerve cells composed of:
Cell Body Contains nucleus
Axon Long fiber that carries electrical signal
Where the axon ends and its signal is
Axon
transferred to the dendrite of a different
Terminal
neuron
Shorter fiber that receives signal from
Dendrite
the axon terminal
Neurons Communicate With Each Other
At Synapses:
WHERE
Area between the axon terminal of
one neuron and the dendrite of
another neuron
Through Neurotransmitters:
HOW
Packets of chemicals released
from the axon terminal of the
neuron sending the signal
Brain Messaging: Anatomy of a Neuron
The Many Factors of Mental Health
Definitions of Mental Illness
‘Clinically significant behavioral or
psychological syndrome or pattern that is
associated with present distress, disability or
significantly increased risk of suffering death
pain, disability or an important loss of
freedom’
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th Ed
‘…mental, behavioral or emotional disorders that
interfere with one or more major activities in life
like dressing eating or working.’
U.S. Government
Almost half of all Americans
will experience a
diagnosable mental disorder
in their lifetime
Most Common Mental Disorders
Mood Disorders
• Depression
• Biploar Disorder
Anxiety Disorders
• Phobias
• Panic Disorders
Substance Abuse
• Drugs and alcohol
Mental Health Risks Vary With Gender
Mental Disorder
High Risk Group
Depression
Anxiety
Migraines
Women & Girls
Alzheimer’s
Substance Abuse
Alcohol Abuse
Men
Mental and Physical Health Are Linked
Positive Mental Attitude decreases risk of
disease
Mental Illness increases risk for many
diseases
Complex relationships between mental and
physical health have been found
 Heart Disease and Depression
 Diabetes and Depression
 Bone Density and Depression
Effects Of Depression May Include:
Depressed
 Helpless or hopeless
 Restless or slow
 No interest in pleasurable activities
 Physical symptoms
 Difficulty concentrating or thinking
critically

Fewer or
Extreme
Feelings
Alterations
In Thinking
New
Actions

Persistent thoughts of death

Withdrawal from others

Eating more or less
Minimize These Contributors To Depression
STRESS
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
SLEEP LOSS
Depression Has Inequitable Impact
Groups More Likely to Experience
Major Depression
Women
Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Those Without a High School Education
Divorced or Never Married
Jobless
Those Without Health Insurance
Men Experience Depression Differently
Irritability
Tremendous fatigue
Depression
Symptoms Headaches and pain
of Men Insomnia
Self-medication with alcohol or
drugs
Men may not become ‘sad’ and are more likely
than women to take their own life
Depression Treatment Is Individualized
Psychotherapy
 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
 Interpersonal Therapy
Antidepressant Medication
Electroconvolusive or Transcranial
Magnetic Stimulation Therapy
Exercise
Behavior Change
Antidepressants Have Risks For Young
Less than 20 years old
May be at higher risk of suicide shortly after
beginning treatment


Side effects of aggression or hostility
More than 20 years old
Less likely to commit suicide after beginning
treatment

Bipolar Disorder
Defined
Who is
affected
Symptoms
Treatment
Manic states of feeling euphoric and
energetic to depressive states of utter
despair
 50% have family member with bipolar
 More women than men affected
 Mood swings
 Changes in thinking and behavior
 Changes in physical condition
 Medication
 Professional therapy is essential
Phobias – Anxiety Disorders
Out-of-the-ordinary, irrational, intense,
Defined persistent fears of certain objects or
situations
Behavioral therapy for systematic
Treatment exposure to feared object


Medical hypnosis
Panic Attacks And Panic Disorder
Rapid heart rate, light-headed,
hyperventilation, numb fingers or toes
 Terrible sense that something horrible
is about to happen
 When panic attacks recur OR
 Apprehension of panic attack impairs
normal function
 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
 Medication

Panic
Attack
Panic
Disorder
Treatment
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsession Recurring idea, thought or image
Compulsion
Other
Features
Treatment
Repetitive behavior performed according
to certain rules
Cannot resist or control thoughts or
behavior
Behaviors consume time and impact
normal function
 Cognitive Therapy
 Behavioral Techniques
 Medication
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Repetitive patterns of thoughts and
behavior
Features No verbal communication before age 3
Four times more likely to occur in boys
than girls
 Behavior therapy
 Speech-language therapy
Treatment
 Physical therapy
 School-based educational programs
Schizophrenia
Affects every aspect of psychological
functioning
Features  Hallucinations and delusions
 Inability to think in logical manner
 Showing few, if any emotions
Treatment

Antipsychotic medication
Failure in brain development very
Causes early in life
 Heredity

Two-thirds of college students
who killed themselves
experienced
depressive symptoms
at the time of their death
Suicide Is Increasing in the United States
Risk of Suicide
Are You At Risk For Suicide?
Factors that Lead to Suicide
Impulsivity
 High level of arousal and aggression
 Past suicidal behaviors
 Hopelessness

Factors that Protect from Suicide
Feeling connected to family and parents
 Girls - Emotional well-being
 Boys - Grade-point average

Recognize When Friends Need Help
Express your concern and use guidelines below
Ask concerned questions
Suggest solutions or alternatives to problems
Ask if they have contemplated suicide
Know that people who talk about killing
themselves may carry it out
Watch for changes in behavior
Avoid trite reassurances
5 Things To Do If Considering Suicide
1. Talk to a mental health professional
2. Talk to someone you trust
3. Write down positive thoughts
4. Avoid drugs and alcohol
5. Go to the hospital
Help For Mental Disorders Is Available
Therapy
Many types of therapists
Many types of therapy
Medication
Work closely with health
professional to choose medication
Alternative
Activities
Can combine therapy and
medication with other treatments to
enhance results (yoga, meditation)