Transcript Chapter12
12
MENTAL HEALTH
12
“Although the world
is full of suffering, it
is full also of the
overcoming of it.”
- Helen Keller -
12
INTRODUCTION
OVERVIEW
Undefined Burden of Mental Problems:
Refers to the economic and social burden for families,
communities, and countries
Hidden Burden of Mental Problems:
Refers to the stigma and violations of human rights and
freedoms associated with mental problems
12
PERSPECTIVES OF
MENTAL HEALTH
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA
1 in 5 adults suffer from a diagnosable mental
disorder in a given year
45 million Americans suffer
Mental illness ranks 2nd in terms of burden of disease
in the U.S.
Depression is leading cause of lost years of healthy life
for women worldwide
Gender differences exist
12
Gender Differences in Mental Illness
12
ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS
The Economic Burden:
Need for mental health and social services
Lost employment and reduced productivity
Financial burden placed on families/caregivers
Increased levels of crime and threat to public
safety
Negative impact of premature mortality
12
LEGAL DIMENSIONS
Individuals with mental disorders are more likely to
commit crimes than the general public
16% if all inmates in correctional facilities are mentally ill
79% of prisoners receive mental health therapy
60% of prisoners receive psychotropic medications
Eugenics forced sterilization
POLITICAL DIMENSIONS
Research initiatives
Effects of behavior on HIV transmission
Public information outreach and dissemination programs
12
CLINICAL DIMENSIONS
OF MENTAL HEALTH
MOOD DISORDERS
Depression
Types
Causes
Premenstrual Dysphoric
Disorder (PMDD)
Hormonal responses
Postpartum Depression
Seasonal Affective Disorder
(SAD)
Dysthymia
Manic Depression
Response to medical
conditions
Medications
Life Events
12
Symptoms
Persistent sad mood
Loss of interest in activities
Constant feelings of
sadness
Sleep disturbances
Excessive crying
Low energy
Feelings of worthlessness
Treatment
Antidepressant drugs
Herbal Remedies
Psychotherapy
Appetite & weight change
Thoughts of death or
suicide
Physical symptoms not
responding to treatment
12
Other Mood Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Phobias
Panic Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
12
EATING DISORDERS
A/ Anorexia Nervosa
Deprivation of food and a body weight of at least 15%
below the normal weight based on height and age
Symptoms:
Refusal to maintain an adequate weight
Intense fear of gaining weight
Distorted body image
Fear of losing control over eating
Absence of 3 consecutive menstrual periods
12
Medical Complications:
Dehydration
Lethargy
Low body temperature
Constipation
Inability to withstand
cold
Organ damage/failure
Mid anemia
Amenorrhea
Abdominal pain
Loss of essential minerals
necessary for regulating
heartbeat and bone strength
12
B/ Bulimia Nervosa
Cyclic binge eating followed by purging
Symptoms:
Recurrent episodes of bingeing and vomiting
Feeling out of control during a binge
Purging after a binge
Frequent dieting
Extreme concern with body weight and shape
12
Modes of Purging:
Emetics
Diuretics
Laxatives
Fasts
Enemas
Diet Pills
Chewing for hours and then spitting out the
food
Excessive Exercise
12
Medical Consequences of Bulimia:
Hypoglycemia
Neurological Abnormalities
Lethargy, inactivity, lowered metabolism
Spontaneous Regurgitation
Dental Erosion
Abscesses and sores in mouth
Hiatal Hernia
Hypokalemia
Substances abuse of laxatives and diuretics
12
Treatment for Eating Disorders:
Psychotherapy
Behavior Modification Therapy
Family Therapy
Antidepressants
Appetite Suppressants
12
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Antisocial
Obsessive-Compulsive
Avoidant
Paranoid
Borderline
Passive-Aggressive
Dependent
Schizoid
Histrionic
Schizotypal
Narcissistic
12
SUICIDE
RISK FACTORS
Adverse life events in addition with depression
Prior suicide attempt
Family history of mental disorder or substance
abuse
Family history of suicide
Family violence, including physical or sexual abuse
Firearms in home
Incarceration
Exposure to suicidal behavior of others
12
FACTORS AFFECTING
MENTAL HEALTH
1. Biological Factors
o
Genetic predisposition, abnormal brain structure function,
irregular activity of neurotransmitters/hormones
2. Social and Psychosocial Factors
o
Low incomes, low levels of education, poor employment
environments, low self-esteem, gender roles and stereotypes,
discrimination, individual personality traits, tragic events
3. Stress
o
Daily hassles to life-altering events, internalization of stress
4. Stages of Life
12
INFORMED
DECISION MAKING
METHODS OF COPING
Maintain a good support system
Make time for pleasurable activities
Avoid using food, drugs, alcohol for mood enhancers
Develop positive thinking techniques
Learn to control anger, but not suppress it
Practice body acceptance
Get a good night’s sleep and practice relaxation
techniques