Transcript Learning perspective

TUGAS KASUS
CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Dr. Sri Lanawati
PASCA SARJANA
UNIVERSITAS PELITA
HARAPAN
DEPRESSION (Describes)
• Social issues….
• What is Depression?
• A complex disorder with a variety of
causes, including genetic, chemical,
physical, and sociological.
• It is more than just sadness or “the
blues”.
• People who suffer from it may
experience despair and
worthlessness, feelings that
can greatly influence both
personal and professional
relationships.
What are the symptoms?
• Feelings of hopelessness, even then
there is reason to be hopeful
• Fatigue or low energy
• Greatly reduced interest or pleasure
in most regular activities.
• Feelings of worthlessness
• Excessive or inappropriate guilt
• Lessened ability to think or
concentrate
• Indecisiveness / ragu-ragu.
• Distorted thoughts and having an
unrealistic view of life.
• Weight gain or loss.
• Appetite changes.
• Sleeping pattern changes.
• Recurrent thoughts of death.
• Suicide attempt
• Feelings of restlessness or being
slowed down.
Who becomes depressed?
• Depression does not seem to be related
to factors such as ethnicity, education,
income, and marital status. It affects
slightly more women than men. Some
researchers believe that women with a
history of emotional and sexual abuse
or economic deprivation, or who are
dependent on others, are especially
vulnerable to depression. There seems
to be a genetic link.
What are the Physical causes?
(Explain)
• Many physicians believe that depression
results from a chemical imbalance in the
brain. They often prescribe
antidepressant medication, and many
people find relief as a result. However,
there is no reliable test to identify such a
chemical imbalance. It is unknown
whether life experiences cause mood
changes that, in turn, create changes in
brain chemistry or whether the process
works in reverse.
• Depression may be associated with
physical events such as other
diseases, physical trauma, and
hormonal changes. A depressed
person should always have a
physical examination as part of the
assessment process to determine
the role of physical causes.
Biological perspective
• Depression is often associated with
the trait of neuroticism, which is
heritable.
• People with severe depression often
respond to drugs that heighten the
action of serotonin.
• What are the origins of depression?
• May be a reaction to losses and stress.
Sources of chronic strain such as marital
discord, physical discomfort, incompetence
and failure or pressure at work.
• Psychoanalysts suggest , people who are
overly concerned about hurting other
people’s feelings or losing their approval.
Anger is turned inward and experienced
self-hatred.
Psychodynamic perspective
• Bipolar disorder may be seen as alternating
states in which the personality is first
dominated by the superego and then by the
ego.
• In the depressive phase of the disorder, the
superego dominates, producing
exaggerated ideas of wrong doing and
associated feelings of guilt and
worthlessness.
Learning perspective
• Suggest that depressed people
behave as though they cannot
obtain reinforcement.
• They have an external locus of
control. They do not believe they
can control events so as to achieve
reinforcements. (learned
helplessness)
Cognitive perspective
• Perfectionists set themselves up for
depression by making irrational demands
on themselves. They are likely to fall short
of their (unrealistic) expectations and to feel
depressed as a result.
• People who ruminate about feelings of
depression are more likely to prolong them
(predicts).
Predicts
• Thoughts of death or suicide.
• Ability to function is impaired
• Extremely isolated from others.
Treatment for depression
(control behavior)
• Psychotherapy, exploring one’s beliefs and
ways of thinking and learning new ways of
thinking and behaving, with the guidance
of a professional.
• Self-help.
• Medication. Altering one’s brain chemistry
by taking antidepressant medication.
Nonmedical treatment
• Cognitive therapist help depressed clients
feel better by identifying how faulty ways
of thinking make them feel bad. Clients
analyze their thoughts and beliefs and
learn to substitute more healthy ways of
thinking and believing.
• Many mental health professionals believe
that the ideal treatment of clinical
depression is medication in conjunction
with psychotherapy.
How can be prevented?
• Identify your risk factors and be
aware of where you are vulnerable.
• Each of us has unique risk factors,
such as things we were taught in
our families, values we have
learned, and the presence or
absence of a family history of
depression. Anything learned can
be unlearned and replaced with
something healthier.
• Learn to manage stress.
• Learn problem-solving skills.
• Build your life around things you can
control.
• Learn self-acceptance.
• Focus on the future, not the past.
• Develop a sense of purpose.
• Strengthen you emotional boundaries
(batas) and set limits.
• Build positive and healthy relationships.
• Avoid isolation.