Transcript ABNORMAL PRESENTATION ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR2010

OUR TARGETS
• CHANGE ON DATES
• Teachings start on 3/22 and ends on
4/01
• IA- NEED IT AND I GUESS I WANT IT
• IB SYLLABUS-ABNORMAL OPTION
• ABNORMAL LECTURE
SUCCESS CRITERIA
• BE PREPARED FOR IB TESTING AND
ABNORMAL TEACHINGS
IA’S
• PRINT THEM OUT!!!
• TURN THOSE IA’S IN!!!!
Learning outcomes-From the IB Syllabus
General framework (applicable to all topics in the option)
• To what extent do biological, cognitive and sociocultural factors
influence abnormal behaviour?
• Evaluate psychological research (that is, theories and/or studies)
relevant to the study of abnormal
behaviour.
Concepts and diagnosis
• Examine the concepts of normality and abnormality.
• Discuss validity and reliability of diagnosis.
• Discuss cultural and ethical considerations in diagnosis (for
example, cultural variation, stigmatization).
Psychological disorders
• Describe symptoms and prevalence of one disorder from two of
the following groups:
–– anxiety disorders
–– affective disorders
–– eating disorders.
Learning outcomes-From the IB Syllabus
General framework (applicable to all
topics in the option)
two of the following groups:
–– anxiety disorders
–– affective disorders
–– eating disorders.
• Discuss cultural and gender variations in
prevalence of disorders.
Implementing treatment
• Examine biomedical, individual and group
approaches to treatment.
• Evaluate the use of biomedical, individual
and group approaches to the treatment of
one disorder.
• Discuss the use of eclectic approaches to
treatment.
• Discuss the relationship between etiology
and therapeutic approach in relation to one
disorder.
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
A story about a woman name June
I recently moved to the Puget Sound Area four years ago from Colorado.
When I lived
in Colorado I was very active and I enjoyed being outdoors but somehow that changed
when I moved here. I am married and have two wonderful active sons. We moved here
for my job which I love.
But as I become adjusted to living here in Washington and the rainy long
winters I often found myself not wanting to get up for work and I started to call in sick.
My Husband and I love skiing and were excited moving here to continue that activity but I
slowly stopped going because I felt to weak to get out of bed.
My husband and kids were starting to worry. They have lost the fun and
vibrant mom and wife that they loved. I blamed it on the move and I just needed time to
adjust. I used to be a fit and hot mom/wife and now I am on overweight lazy slob. I can
not stop eating especially pastries and usually with my Starbucks. I don’t even want to
talk about my nonexistent love life…. I blame that on trying to be a true Washingtonian.
My work and family life is starting to suffer. I am afraid of the numerous
breakdowns that I have. I am starting to feel anxiety and now I am not able to sleep. My
husband is worried and wants me to seek medical help. My boss who is one of my
closest friends has required me to take time off work and get help or I will lose my job. I
am losing control of my life. I am regretting that we ever moved here. Moving back is
not an option. What disorder do I have?
DSM-5 criteria for diagnosing depression
with a seasonal pattern
Overview/statistics
Affects 11 millions people in the US
Four times as common in women than men
Genetics
“People in Canada or the northern U.S. are
eight times more likely to fall victim to SAD
than those living in sunny, more temperate
areas like Florida or Mexico.” (Web MD)
SYMPTOMS
*duration 2 years or more
Depression that begins and ends during a specific
season every year
Many more seasons of depression than seasons
without depression over the lifetime of your illness
Fall & Winter Symptoms
• Tired, sleeping, crying spells and body
aches
• Spring &Summer Symptoms
• Insomnia, weight loss and difficulty
concentrating
Cause
Ignacio Provencio University of Virginia
2008
•Genetic (Biological)
• genetic mutation in the eye that makes a
SAD patient less sensitive to light.
• 220 participants, 130 of whom had been
diagnosed with SAD and 90 participants
with no history of mental illness.
• found that seven of the 220 participants
carried two copies of the mutation
• the gene is five times more likely to have
symptoms of SAD than a person without the
mutation.
Sourcettps://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/08
1103130931.htm
Brain research has shown that people who battle
depression have lower amounts of the following
neurotransmitters: nor epinephrine, dopamine,
and serotonin. These chemicals relax and help
us handle stress.
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR-DEPRESSION with Seasonal Affective Disorder
Treatment
•Medication (Antidepressants)
•
Selective Serotonin Re-uptake
Inhibitors (SSRI’S)
•PROZAC, Zoloft, Paxil, Luvox, Lexapro
•Works with the brain and increases
serotonin levels
Common side effects
•Headaches, drowsiness, anorexia,
nervousness, anxiety, weight loss, insomnia,
agitation, nausea, and sexual dysfunction.
•Doctors need to make sure that they do
blood tests regularly for liver functions.
•Other medications
•Stimulant medications such as Ritalin.
These drugs have the same side effects as
SSRI’S.
Sources
http://www.medicinenet.com/seasonal_affective_disord
er_sad/page2.htm
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseasesconditions/seasonal-affective-disorder/basics/testsdiagnosis/CON-20021047
Therapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy
-assumes that depression is connected with
negative and irrational thinking.
-therapy teaches a new pattern of thinking.
- teaches coping skills
-trauma based if necessary
INTERPERSONAL THERAPY
-therapist helps resolve issues and problems
with
Individuals. Relationships that may have
caused
the depression.
-group therapy, family and individual therapy
PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPY
-“Psychodynamics therapy views depression
as the result of internal, unconscious
conflicts.” psyweb.com
-therapist focuses on past
experience and unconscious
Urges. Resolving issues in
childhood.
POST QUIZ
http://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/
RelatedItems/40,SeasonalAffectiveDisQuiz
OUR TARGETS
• Teachings start on 3/22 and ends on
4/01
• IA- NEED IT AND I GUESS I WANT IT
• IB SYLLABUS-ABNORMAL OPTION
• ABNORMAL LECTURE
SUCCESS CRITERIA
• BE PREPARED FOR IB TESTING AND
ABNORMAL TEACHINGS
IA’S
• PRINT THEM OUT!!!
• TURN THOSE IA’S IN!!!!
Deviation from Normality
Abnormality is any deviation from the average or from
OUR TARGETS
the majority.
DEFINE ABNORMAL
CONTROVERY AROUND
DIAGNOSES
BIO VIEW POINT ON
ABNORMAL
Adjustment is those people who are unable to function
physically, emotionally and socially. Abnormal are
people who fail to adjust.
•The terms “mental health” and “mental illness” imply
that psychological disturbance or abnormality is like a
physical sickness- such as the flu.
•Many psychologists think that “mental illness” is
different from physical illness, the idea remains that
there is some ideal way to function psychologically,
just as there is an ideal way for people to function
physically.
•Some psychologists feel that the normal or healthy
person would be one who is functioning ideally or who
is at least striving toward ideal functioning.
DIATHESIS STRESS MODULE (BLA)
GENTICALLY PREDISPOSED
in an environment with two loving parents that teach
tem to handle stressful events well. May not show or
develop symptoms of disorder.
Or
Raised in an environment that is unhealthy and
disastrous. Does not learn healthy coping skills
will develop symptoms of disorder. May self
medicate disorder with drugs, alcohol or
destructive relationships.
RESEARCHERS
NURNBERGER AND GERSHON
JANOWSKY
CONTROVERSY SURRONDING
DYSFUNCTION
•
Labeling someone mentally ill because
his or her behavior is odd is a mistake
as well as cruel and irresponsible.
•
Thomas Szasz argues that most of the
people whom we call mentally ill are not
ill at all. They have simply a problem in
living and have serious conflicts with the
world around them. Mental Illness is a
way to control people.
•
Doctors label patients as sick and put
them into the hospital instead of dealing
with the patient’s conflict.
CULTURALLY BIAS-Source John Crane
•
•
“Li-Pac (1980) conducted a study to evaluate the
role of culture in the diagnostic approach of
therapists.”I
“Chinese American and European American
male clients were interviewed and video-taped,
then rated by Chinese American and European
American male
therapists on their level of psychological
functioning. The results showed an interaction
effect between the cultural backgrounds of
therapist and client on the therapists’ judgement
of the clients. The Chinese American clients
were rated as awkward, confused, and nervous
by the Euroepan American therapists, but the
same clients were rated as adaptable,
honest,and friendly by the Chinese American
therapists. In contrast, European-American
clients
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
CULTURALLY BIAS-Source John Crane
• were rated as sincere and easy-going by European-American therapists,
but aggressive and rebellious by Chinese-American therapists.
Furthermore, Chinese American clients were judged to be more
depressed and less socially capable by the European-American
therapists, and the European American clients were judged to be more
severely disturbed by the Chinese-American therapists.
VALIDITY-Source-John Crane
• “Rosenhan’s classic study. Arranged for eight “normal” students to be
examined by admitting doctors in psychiatric hospitals. They were
instructed to behave normally except reporting that they heard a voice.
All except one was admitted as schizophrenic, and later released
(between 2 and 52 days later) as schizophrenics in remission.”-
BIO VIEWPOINT ON ABNORMAL
• Medical connection usually connected with
the brain
Genetics• mental disorders are heredity
• Twin studies, Family studies and Adoption
Studies.
• Twin studies-especially identical because
they share the same genetic make-up.
• Family Studies-traits are passed especially
by generations
• Adoption Studies-see if another environment
hinders development of a mental disorder.
Neuroanatomy
• Brain localization find where mental
disorders affect areas of the brain.
• Helps with appropriate medicine
• Neurotransmitters (lack of)Serotonin(depression)
BIOLOGICAL LEVEL OF ANALYSIS
Infection
• “The first mental illness to be associated
with infection was paresis, which is now
recognized as the result of a long term
infection by syphilis spirochete.1”
Sourcehttp://www.purgatory.net/merits/medical.ht
m
TREATMENTDRUG THERAPY, ECT, AND
PSYCHOSURGERY
OUR TARGETS
COGNITIVE VIEWPOINT ON ABNORMAL
BEHAVIORISM
COGNITIVE
COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE VIEWPOINT ON ABNORMAL
“Cognitive psychologists are interested in how a person understands, diagnoses, and solves a
problem, concerning themselves with the mental processes that mediate between stimulus and
response.”- Source- http://www.purgatory.net/merits/medical.htm
• “Cognition is based on two assumptions: 1) what organisms are going to do can only be found by
studying their mental process, and 2) It is possible to objectively study the mental processes by
focusing on specific behaviors and interpreting the underlying mental processes.” Sourcehttp://www.purgatory.net/merits/medical.htm
Gestalt Therapy
“This school is based on the idea that humans tend to organize their ideas and thoughts into patterns.
A major idea of Gestalt psychology is insight. Insight is the grouping of mentally represented
elements of a problem to where we think we can reach a goal.”
http://www.purgatory.net/merits/medical.htm
TREATMENTS
Rational Emotive therapy-irrational assumptions and find appropriate
responses to that behavior. Active Therapy Humorist approach.
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy-mostly used with depression. Points out irrational
/negative thoughts. Clients come up with new thoughts and challenge their
negative thinking.
BEHAVIORISM PERSPECTIVE
Learning viewpoint on Abnormal
• “The behavioral perspective centers on the idea that psychology should concern itself with
measurable physical responses to environmental stimuli”-Sourcehttp://www.purgatory.net/merits/medical.htm
• Watson wanted psychology to be treated as a hard science.
• “A Harvard University psychologist by the name of B. F. Skinner introduced another aspect of this
perspective. He maintained that organisms, when a behavior was reinforced often enough, would
learn that behavior” ““http://www.purgatory.net/merits/medical.htm
• Many studies were done within this perspective that measured behavior.
Behavior Therapy
• To change behavior you have to reinforce the behavior that you want
• If you continue ignoring the negative behavior this behavior will become extinct.
• Reward the new positive behavior.
Treatments
Systematic desensitization-exposure to item that is causing them fear-uses
relaxation techniques
Flooding /Implosive Therapy-being exposed to items repeatedly-no relaxation
Token economy and Modeling
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
OUR TARGETS
•
LECTURE
•
VIDEO CLIP-
•
COMPUTER LAB
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Anxiety-Based Disorders
•
15% of adults have endured symptoms typical of these disorders.
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Shared characteristics:
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Including feelings of anxiety
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personal inadequacy
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An avoidance of dealing with problems
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Unrealistic images of themselves.
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Deeply anxious doubt and seem unable to free themselves of recurring worries and fears.
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Emotional problems may be expressed in constant worrying, sudden mood swings, or a variety
of physical symptoms (headaches, sweating, muscle tightness, weakness, and fatigue).
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Anxious people often have difficulty forming stable and satisfying relationships.
•
Even though their behavior may be self-defeating and ineffective in solving problems, those
driven be anxiety often refuse to give up their behaviors in favor of more effective ways of
dealing with anxiety.
•
In the DSM-IV, the anxiety-based disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, phobic,
disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic disorder.
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
• Anxiety can create a wide variety of
physical symptoms for which there is no
apparent physical cause.
• Conversion Disorder is the conversion
of emotional difficulties into the loss of a
specific physiological function.
• A conversion reaction results in a real
and prolonged handicap.
• Most psychologists believe that people
suffering from conversion reactions
unconsciously invent physical
symptoms to gain freedom from
unbearable conflict.
• Hypochondriasis
ABNORMAL
BEHAVIOR
Dissociative Disorders
• Involves a disturbance in conscious experience such
as experience as a loss of memory or identity.
• Pscychogenic amnesia is a loss of identity or may
be an attempt to escape from problems by blotting
them out completely.
• Amnesiacs remember how to talk, but will not
remember who they are. This amnesia should be
distinguished from other losses of memory that result
from organic brain damage, normal forgetting or drug
abuse.
• Psychogenic Fugue is when amnesia is paired with
flight to a different environment. Fugue can last days
or even decades. Fugue is a traveling amnesia.
• Dissociative Identity Disorder-is when someone
has two or more distinct identities. Some
psychologists believe that the dividing up of the
personality is the result of the individual effort to
escape from a part of himself or herself that he or she
fears.
OUR TARGETS
• ABNORMAL PRESENTATIONS
OUR TARGETS
•
•
•
ABNORMAL PRESENTATIONS
4/18- NYALAT, YOUSEF, JUWAN
& MELINA
4/19-CHRISTIAN, RYAN, EMILY &
NICOLE
4/20-PRINCESS, TIEN, DEE2,
MAYA & AMEET
TAKE NOTES!!!
GREEN TEACHES
WHAT IS PMDD?
• 5% of menstruating women
TREATMENT
Medications - including
antidepressants, antianxiety drugs,
analgesics, hormones and
diuretics.
Psychobehavioral - including
exercise and psychotherapies
(cognitive-behavioral, coping skills
training, relaxation).
Nutritional - including diet
modification, vitamins, minerals
and herbal preparations
OUR TARGETS
• ABNORMAL LECTURE
– MOOD DISORDERS-SUICIDE AND DEPRESSION
– SCHIZOPHRENIADUE DATES
3/12- ABNORMAL LESSON PLAN
ABNORMAL TEACHINGS
3/17-BRITTANY & ROSABETH
3/18-NIKKOLE & KATERIN
3/19-LINH & CARLY
3/20- EILISH &TOMAS
3/24-MADELYN & DANIEL
3/25-HALANA & THOMAS
3/26-GERMAN & TYRON
Mood Disorders
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Emotions hamper their ability to function
effectively. In extreme cases, a mood may
cause individuals to lose touch with reality
or seriously threaten their health of lives.
Major Depressive Disorder
Single episode-strikes deeply and seriously
in one dramatic episode.
Recurrent depression- extend pattern
shared with single episode depression, of
sadness, fatigue, anxiety, agitated behavior,
and reduced ability to function and interact
with others.
Interfere with sleep and ability to
concentrate.
Beck (1983) believes that depressed people
draw illogical conclusions about themselvesthey blame themselves for normal problems
and consider every minor failure a
catastrophe.
Seligman (1975) believed that a feeling of
learned helplessness causes depression.
The depressed person learns to believe that
he has no control over events in his life and
that it is useless to even try.
Bipolar Disorder-extreme highs and lows
ABNORMAL
BEHAVIOR
SUICIDE AND DEPRESSION
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To escape physical or psychological painperhaps a terminal illness or the unhappiness
of old age.
To end feelings of not being accepted or to
punish themselves of their wrong doings.
30,000 Americans end their lives. About 1
every 18 minutes.
More women attempt suicide than men but
more men succeed.
Most common among the elderly but also
ranks as the second most common cause of
death among college students.
People who talk about suicide or make an
attempt are serious.
70% of people who kill themselves threaten to
do so within the 3 months preceding the
suicide, and an unsuccessful attempt is often
a trial run.
SCHIZOPHRENIA
• Problem with cognition. A person’s thought processes
are somewhat disturbed and those with schizophrenia
have lost contact with reality to considerable extent.
• Is a collection of symptoms that indicates an individual
has serious difficulty trying to meet the demands of life.
• 50% of the patients in US mental hospitals have been
diagnosed with schizophrenia.
• Involves confused and disordered thoughts and
perceptions.
• Live a private disordered reality.
• Delusions-false beliefs maintained in the face of contrary
evidence.
• Hallucinations sensations in the absence of appropriate
stimulation.
Symptoms
• Incoherence or marked decline in thought process.
• The language may be speeded (word salad).
• Disturbances of affect or emotions that are inappropriate
for the circumstances.
• Deterioration in normal movement, which may occur as
slowed movement, non-movement, or as highly agitated
behavior.
• Decline in previous levels of functioning-sharp drop off at
work.
• Diverted attention-unable to focus his or her attention
•
•
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Double-bind theory is that childhood full of such contradictory message result in adults
who perceive the world as confusing, disconnected place and believe that their words and
actions have little significance or meaning. They develop the kind of disordered behaviors
and thoughts.
Diathesis-stress hypothesis states that an individual may have inherited a predisposition
towards schizo.
For schizophrenia to develop, however, that person must contact an environment with
certain stressors before the schizophrenia will develop.
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
• Unable to establish meaningful relationships with other people, to assume social
responsibilities, or to adapt to their social environment.
• Includes a wide range of self-defeating personality patterns, from painfully shy, lonely
types to vain, pushy show-offs.
Antisocial
• Sometimes called the sociopath or psychopath
• Irresponsible, immature, emotionally shallow people who seem to court trouble.
• Extremely selfish, the treat people as objects as things to be used for gratification and to
be cast coldly aside when no longer wanted.
• Seeking thrills is their major occupation. If they should injure other people along the way
or break social rules, they do not seem to feel any shame of guilt. It’s the other person’s
tough luck.
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
DRUG ADDICTION
• Physiological addiction-when his system has become so used to the drug
that the drugged state becomes the body’s “normal state.” If the drug is
not in the body, the person experiences extreme physical discomfort, as
he would if he were deprived of oxygen or water.
• Tolerance-that is when the body becomes so accustomed to the drug
that he has to keep increasing his dosage in order to obtain the “high”
that a person can rapidly develop a tolerance for up to 15 times the
original dose.
• Withdrawal is a state of physical and psychological upset during which
the body and the mind revolt against, and finally get used to, the absence
of the drug.
Alcoholism
• 88% of all high school seniors have consumed alcohol. 54% within the
past month.
• By graduation 92% have tried it.
• 35% report having consumed 5 or more drinks in a row within the
previous 2 weeks and 4% of graduating seniors are drinking alcohol
daily.
• 10% of drinking adults consume about ½ of all the alcohol sold in the US.
• 50% or more of the deaths in automobile accidents each year can be
traced to alcohol.
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Alcoholism
• ½ of all murders either the killer or the victim has been drinking.
• First psychological function that it slows down is our inhibitions.
(depressant)
• Perceptions and sensations become distorted, and behavior may
become obnoxious.
• Alcohol can produce psychological dependence, tolerance, and
addiction.
• First stage-the individual discovers that alcohol reduces his or her
tensions, gives confidence, and reduces social pressures.
• Second stage- individual drinks heavily has to hide the habit
• Third stage-drinks compulsively, beginning in the morning and
goes on drinking sprees for weeks.
• First step treating the alcoholic is to see he or she through the
violent withdrawal called delirium tremens and try to make them
healthier. (drugs or psychotherapy)
• Alcoholic’s Anonymous has been more successful than most
organizations.
• There is no certain cure for alcoholism. One problem is that our
society tends to encourage social drinking and to tolerate the first
stage of alcoholism.
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
DSM-IV-T-R
• Within each diagnostic category, the following descriptions are
included:
1.essential features of the disorder those that define the disorder.
2. associated features-features that are usually present.
3. differential diagnosis-that is how to distinguish this disorder from
other disorders with which it might be confused.
4. diagnostic criteria-a list of symptoms, taken from the lists of
essential and associated features, that must be present for the
patient to be given this diagnostic label.
• More precise diagnostic criteria reduce the chances that the same
patient will get two different diagnoses.
• DSM IV uses five major dimensions are axes to describe a person’s
mental functioning.
• Each axis reflects a different aspect of a patient’s case.
• Axis 1 is used to classify current symptoms into explicitly defined
categories. First evident in infancy, childhood or adolescence
(conduct disorders) to substance-use disorders (such as
alcoholism), to schizophrenia
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
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The Problem of Classification
In 1952, the American Psychiatric Association agreed upon a standard
system for classifying abnormal symptoms, which it published in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM.
The most recent revision, the DSM-IV (1994)
Reasons for revisions
Too vague
DSM-III and DSM-III-R systems listed more concrete and specific symptoms
for a diagnosis.
Prior to DSM-III, disorders were classified not only by symptoms but also
assumed causes. This made consistent diagnoses difficult.
Large number of disorders added to DSM-III and DSM-III-R.
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Individual cases are now diagnosed on five axes or dimensions
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ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
DSM-IV-T-R
• Axis II is used to describe developmental disorders and longstanding personality disorders or maladaptive traits such as
compulsives, overdependency, or aggressiveness. Also used to
describe specific disorders for children and teens and in some
cases adults. Ex: language disorders, reading or writing difficulties,
mental retardation, autism, and speech problems.
• Axis III is used to describe physical disorders or medical conditions
that are potentially relevant to understanding or managing the
person. In some cases, a physical disorder may be causing the
syndrome diagnosed on either Axis I or II.
• Axis IV is a measurement of the current stress level at which the
person is functioning. A seven-point code is used to describe
stressors ranging from no apparent stressors (0-1) to catastrophic
levels of stress (6).
• Axis V is used to describe the highest level of adaptive functioning
present within the past year. Adaptive functioning refers to three
major areas; social relations, occupational functioning, and use of
leisure time. 90 means good functioning in all areas, 50 means
serious difficulty, and 10 means there is persistent danger.
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
DSM-IV TR
Example of diagnosis
Axis I: alcohol dependence
Axis II: avoidant personality disorder
Axis III: diabetes
Axis IV: 3:loss of job, one child moved out of
house, marital conflict
Axis V: 45: major impairment in several areas.