Transcript Chapter 12
Chapter 12 Psychological Disorders 1 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Chapter Preview Defining and Explaining Abnormal Behavior Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Eating Disorders Dissociative Disorders Schizophrenia Personality Disorders Combating Stigma 2 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Abnormal Behavior Medically, mental illness that affects – or is manifested in – the brain and can affect thinking, behavior, and interaction with others Deviant Maladaptive 3 Atypical and culturally unacceptable Interferes with effective functioning Personally distressful Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Theoretical Approaches Biological approach Attributes psychological disorders to organic, internal causes Medical Model Psychological approach 4 Describes psychological disorders as medical diseases Mental illnesses . . . of patients . . . treated by doctors Emphasizes contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Theoretical Approaches Sociocultural approach Biopsychosocial approach 5 Emphasizes social contexts in which person lives Stresses cultural influences on understanding and treatment of psychological disorders Unique combinations of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Classification Systems Common basis for communicating Can help make predictions May benefit person suffering from symptoms May also create stigma DSM-IV 6 Classification of psychological disorders in U.S. Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 DSM-IV Classification Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Published by American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV (1994) DSM-IV-TR (2000) Five axes, or dimensions 7 Axis I Axis II Axis III Axis IV Axis V Most diagnostic categories Personality disorders & mental retardation General medical conditions Psychosocial and environmental problems Current level of functioning Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 DSM-IV: Critiques Classifies individuals based on symptoms Uses medical terminology, based on medical model Mental disorders in terms of disease Implies internal cause, relatively independent of environmental factors Focuses strictly on pathology and problems 8 Fails to emphasize strengths that may help reduce stigma and maximize person’s contributions to society Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Anxiety Disorders Involve fears that are . . . Feature . . . 9 Uncontrollable Disproportionate to actual danger Disruptive of ordinary life Motor tension Hyperactivity Apprehensive expectations and thoughts Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorder Phobic Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 10 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Persistent anxiety for at least 6 months Unable to specify reasons for anxiety Etiology (Cause) 11 Biological factors Psychological and sociocultural factors Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Panic Disorder Recurrent, sudden onsets of intense apprehension or terror Often occur without warning and no specific cause Etiology 12 Biological factors Psychological factors Sociocultural factors Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Phobic Disorder Irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of particular object or situation Social Phobia Etiology 13 Intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations Biological factors Psychological factors Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Phobic Disorders: Examples 14 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessions Compulsions Repetitive, ritualistic behaviors Checking, cleansing, counting Etiology 15 Recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts Biological factors Psychological factors Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Develops through exposure to traumatic event that overwhelms abilities to cope 16 Flashbacks Reduced ability to feel emotions Excessive arousal Difficulties with memory and concentration Feelings of apprehension Impulsive outbursts of behavior Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Can follow trauma immediately or be delayed Combat and war-related traumas Sexual abuse and assault Natural disasters Unnatural disasters Etiology 17 Trauma Other factors Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Mood Disorders Primary disturbance of mood, or prolonged emotion that colors emotional state Can include cognitive, behavioral, and somatic (physical) symptoms Depressive Disorders 18 Major Depressive Disorder Dysthymic Disorder Bipolar Disorder Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Depressive Disorders Depression Major Depressive Disorder Unrelenting lack of pleasure in life Significant depressive episode (five of nine symptoms) and depressed characteristics for at least two weeks Impaired daily functioning Dysthymic Disorder 19 More chronic and with fewer (two of six) symptoms than major depressive disorder Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Depressive Disorders: Etiology Biological factors Psychological factors Learned helplessness Cognitive explanations Sociocultural factors 20 Genetic influences Brain structures Neurotransmitters Socioeconomic status (SES) Gender differences Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Bipolar Disorder Extreme mood swings, including one or more episodes of mania, Overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state Multiple cycles of depression interspersed with mania Etiology 21 Genetic influences Biological processes Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Risk of Bipolar Disorder 22 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Suicide Biological factors Psychological factors Mental disorders and traumas Substance abuse Sociocultural factors 23 Genetic factors Neurotransmitter levels Economic hardship Cultural and ethnic contexts Gender differences Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Eating Disorders Characterized by extreme disturbances in eating behavior Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Binge Eating Disorder 24 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Anorexia Nervosa Relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation 25 Weighing less than 85% of normal weight Intense fear of gaining weight Distorted body image Physical changes, serious complications, and high mortality rate Denial High-achieving perfectionism Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Bulimia Nervosa Binge-and-purge eating pattern 26 Preoccupation with food Strong fear of becoming overweight Depression or anxiety Difficult to detect Complications and dental problems High perfectionism, low self-efficacy Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Anorexia & Bulimia: Etiology Sociocultural factors Biological factors 27 Previously believed to be central determinants No longer sole focus Of increasing focus in research Genes Regulation of serotonin Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Binge-Eating Disorder Recurrent episodes of eating large amounts of food Biological factors Genes Dopamine Psychological factors 28 Lack of control over eating Overweight or obese Experience of guilt and shame Stress Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Dissociative Disorders Dissociation Dissociative Disorders 29 Psychological states of disconnection from immediate experience Involve sudden loss of memory or change of identity, under extreme stress or shock Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Fugue Dissociative Identity Disorder Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Dissociative Amnesia & Fugue Amnesia Dissociative Amnesia Extreme memory loss caused by extensive psychological stress Dissociative Fugue 30 Inability to recall important events Amnesia, plus traveling away from home and assuming new identity Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Dissociative Identity Disorder Formerly called multiple personality disorder Two or more distinct personalities or selves Each has its own memories, behaviors, relationships One personality dominates at one time Wall of amnesia separates personalities Shift between personalities occurs under distress Exceptionally high rate of sexual or physical abuse during early childhood 31 Majority are women Genetic predisposition may exist Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Schizophrenia Characterized by highly disordered thought processes Positive Symptoms Psychotic, or far removed from reality Marked by distortion or excess of normal function Negative Symptoms 32 Reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and loss or decrease of normal functions Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms Hallucinations Delusions 33 Sensory experiences in absence of real stimuli Often auditory False, unusual, or magical beliefs Not part of individual’s culture Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms Thought Disorder Unusual, sometimes bizarre thought processes Word Salad Neologisms New words Referential Thinking Incoherent, loose word assocations Ascribing personal meaning to random events Disorders of Movement Catatonia 34 State of immobility and unresponsiveness over time Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Schizophrenia: Symptoms Negative symptoms Flat affect Display of little or no emotion Lacking ability to read emotions of others Cognitive symptoms 35 Difficulty sustaining attention Problems holding information in memory Inability to interpret information and make decisions Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Schizophrenia: Causes Biological factors Heredity Structural brain abnormalities Problems in neurotransmitter regulation Psychological factors Diathesis-Stress Model Combination of biogenetic predisposition and stress Sociocultural factors 36 Socioeconomic level and other sociocultural factors Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Lifetime Risk of Schizophrenia 37 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Personality Disorders Chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns integrate into personality Ten personality disorders listed in DSM-IV Antisocial Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder 38 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Antisocial Personality Disorder Characterized by guiltlessness, law breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit Biological factors Genetically heritable Brain differences Autonomic nervous system differences Psychopaths 39 Subgroup of individuals with ASPD Remorseless predators who engage in violence Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Borderline Personality Disorder Pervasive pattern of instability in . . . Interpersonal relationships Self-image Emotions Marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in various contexts Splitting 40 Thinking style characterized by seeing the world in black and white terms Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Borderline Personality Disorder Potential causes are complex. Biological factors Childhood experiences Childhood sexual abuse Cognitive factors 41 Genetic heritability Irrational beliefs Hypervigilance Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 Combating Stigma Rosenhan study (1973) Consequences of Stigma Labels of psychological disorders can be very ‘sticky’ Labels color perception of everything else person does Prejudice and discrimination Negative effect on physical health Overcoming stigma 42 Recognize strengths and achievements Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010