Transcript Mental Health - Jones College Prep

Mental Health
Behavioral and Emotional Disorders
• A mental disorder or mental illness is
a psychological or behavioral pattern
that occurs in an individual and is
thought to cause distress or disability
that is not expected as part of normal
development or culture.
Mental Health
Behavioral and Emotional Disorders:
• Your health care provider can refer you to
one of the following people:
– Psychiatrist- diagnose and treat mental disorders. Can prescribe
and admit
– Psychologist- Diagnoses and treats emotional and behavioral
disorders by means of counseling. Not an MD, may not prescribe
– Psychiatric Social Worker-
Provides guidance and treatment for
clients with emotional problems, usually in the setting of a hospital,
mental health clinic, or family service agency. No MD, no prescribe
or perform physical exams
Mood and Anxiety Disorders
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Depression
Bipolar Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Performance Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Panic Disorder
Phobias
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Self Injury - cutters
Causes of Mental Health Issues
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Heredity
Childhood/Recent Events
Physical Health Problems- infection/disease
Injury
Environmental Conditions
Stress
Drugs
Finances and employment
Behavioral and Emotional Disorders
• Types of Treatment Available:
– Psychotherapy:
• Designed to find the root cause of a problem and
devise a solution.
– Cognitive Therapy:
• Identify and correct distorted thinking patterns that
may lead to feelings and behavior of troublesome.
– Behavioral Therapy:
• Changing unwanted behaviors through rewards
and reinforcement.
– Group/Family Therapy:
• Provides a supportive environment during the
therapeutic process.
Behavioral and Emotional Disorders:
• Types of Treatment Available (continued):
– Drug Therapy:
• Mood regulating drugs
– Relaxation Treatment:
• A form of stress management.
– Talk Therapy:
• Individual, Group, Family
– Electroconvulsive Therapy:
• Used to treat severe depression.
• The individual is anesthetized and receives and electrical
shock in specific parts of the brain.
• Does not consciously experience the shock
Mood and Anxiety Disorders
• Depression:
– Many people experience depressed moods
or a period of normal sadness.
– Affects 14.8 million (6.7%) 18+ Americans
• Depression is caused by:
– After a death of a loved one.
– For no apparent reason.
– Major transitions in life (divorce, advancing
from adolescence to adulthood).
Types of Depression
• Situational Depression
– short-term condition that occurs when a person is
unable to cope with, or adjust to, a particular
source of stress, such as a major life change, loss
or event.
• Clinical Depression
– Overwhelms and engulfs your day to day life
– Interferes with ability to work, study, sleep, have
fun, etc.
Depression
• People who suffer from depression include:
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under severe stress.
depressed family members (genetic link).
psychological disorders.
severe physical disorders.
People taking medicines.
• Gender gap:
– women are twice as likely as men to suffer from
both mild and major depression.
• Postpartum Depression
• Menstrual period sometimes causes depression.
• Men are less likely to seek treatment.
Depression (continued)
• Symptoms:
– Feelings of despair, guilt, self worthlessness, no hope for the future,
contemplate suicide
– Withdraw from people and society
– Unable to concentrate
– Can’t sleep
– Loss of appetite or can’t stop eating
• Physical symptoms include:
– loss of appetite
– insomnia/fatigue
– backache/headache/upset stomach/constipation
• Treatments:
– Psychotherapy
– Drugs - Antidepressants
• SSRI – Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Prozac, Paxil, Luvox,
Zoloft, Celexa
• MAOI -Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Phenelzine, which is helpful for
people with panic disorder and social phobia. Tranylcypromine and
isoprocarboxazid are also used to treat anxiety disorders.
Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depression)
• Periods of depression alternate w/ periods of hyperactivity
and uncontrolled elation (mania).
• Affects 5.7 million (2.6%) 18+ Americans
• One in four people attempt suicide; one in ten are
successful w/ their attempt.
• Heredity/environment play a role in bipolar disorder.
• Symptoms:
– Manic phase includes:
• cheerful, full of energy.
• person gets out of control--spending money wildly; takes on huge
projects that are never completed; believes they’re powerful people.
Bipolar Disorder
• Symptoms:
– Mania turns to irritability, rage, and paranoia.
– Alcohol/drug abuse, loss of job, possible divorce may result.
– About 10-20% of sufferers develop “rapid cycling” (four or
more episodes per year).
• Treatment Options:
– Seek treatment immediately.
– Psychotherapy
– An array of medications are used. It is not uncommon for an
individual to take several different types of drugs and to
make frequent changes to achieve an acceptable balance
between stability and side effects
• prevents the mania and lessens the depression.
• Seroquel, Abilify, Depakote, Lithium
Bipolar Disorder
• Treatment (continued)
– Lithium has side effects.
• weight gain, drowsiness, frequent urination, thirsty.
• can injure the kidneys, thyroid gland
– None of the drugs are a cure.
– In the early stages of mania the victim may be
prescribed antipsychotic drugs.
– Clozopine for antipsychotic
– Anticonvulsant (divalproex) may be prescribed if
the mood cycle is very rapid.
– In rare cases, electroconvulsive therapy may be
used
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
• Feelings of apprehension that occur for no
specific reason (last at least one month).
Affects 40 million (18.1%) 18+ Americans
• Symptoms:
– heart beats faster, breathing becomes faster
(hyperventilation), hands tremble, perspire more.
• Physical symptoms include:
– upset stomach, headache, and general aches and pain.
• Treatments:
– Benzodiazepine drugs (short term).
– Antidepressants/Antianxiety drugs (buspirone).
– Psychotherapy.
Performance Anxiety
• Occurs when a person has to make speech,
take an examination, or make a public
appearance.
• Symptoms:
– rapid heartbeat, excessive perspiration, trembling
(hands or voice), difficulty in concentrating.
• Treatment:
– Cognitive/Behavioral therapy (learn to relax and to
cope w/ the situation.
– Beta-blocking medicines are used to control the
physical symptoms.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Compulsive rituals or actions that are repeated over
and over (take over a person’s life).
Affects 2.2 million (1.0%) 18+ Americans
Obsessions
-persistent ideas, thoughts, impulses, or images that are
experienced as intrusive and inappropriate and that cause marked
anxiety or distress
(EX.- thoughts about contamination, repeated doubts, need to have
things in a particular order, aggressive or horrific impulses, and sexual
imagery)
Compulsions
-repeated behaviors or mental acts, the goal of which is to prevent
or reduce anxiety or distress, not to provide pleasure or
gratification
• Symptoms:
– Counting every step while walking.
– Constantly cleaning one’s hands or one’s living
space.
• Treatment:
– Psychotherapy.
– Heterocyclic Antidepressants.
– SSRIs.
Panic Disorder
• Sudden attacks of intense fear or anxiety for no
apparent reason.
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• Affects 6 million (2.7%) 18+ Americans
Attacks can occur several times a day.
Runs in the family.
Usually involves personal loss, major change, or illness.
1 in 3 develop agoraphobia, fear of being in a place where
escape might be difficult
• Symptoms:
– At least four of the following symptoms occur in a person:
• Pounding heartbeat, sweating, trembling, difficulty breathing,
choking sensations, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, fear of dying or
going crazy, chills, hot flashes, feelings of unreality, numbness or
tingling in the extremities.
Panic Disorder (continued)
• Symptoms (continued):
– Constant anxiety about having another
panic attack.
– Significant behavior change (avoiding
certain situations or relying on alcohol or
other drugs).
• Treatments:
– Psychotherapy/Medications
• Antianxiety Drugs.
• Antidepressant Drugs.
Specific Phobias
• Irrational sense of fear when a person is confronted
by a common object, activity, or situation, leading
the person to avoid the thing that is feared.
– Affects 19.2 million (8.7%) 18+ Americans
• Most common form of anxiety
• Symptoms:
– sudden, persistent, and irrational panic; dread, horror, or
terror when confronted w/ the object or situation.
– Agoraphobia, Acrophobia, Claustrophobia.
• Treatment= Desensitization/Exposure Therapy
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
• Involves people who have survived traumatic events
such as natural disaster, war, physical or sexual assault,
and severe illness.
• Affects 7.7 million (3.5%) 18+ Americans
• Prisoners of War and concentration camp survivors are
most affected (47-50%).
• Symptoms:
– People may relive the distressing event repeatedly in thoughts,
dreams, or flashbacks.
• Treatment:
– Psychotherapy
– Antidepressants
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
• People experience sadness, depression, and fatigue
that comes on in late fall and subsides in the spring.
• Caused by lack of sunlight.
• Over 10 million Americans are affected (women
outnumber men by a 4 to 1 ratio.
• Symptoms include:
– headaches, increased appetite, loss of interest in activities,
excessive sleep, irritability, unable to concentrate.
• Treatment= Antidepressant Drugs (SSRI)
Psychosis Diseases
• Known as thought disorders; characterized by
gross distortions of reality.
• A psychotic person will often have:
– Delusions:
• Fixed beliefs that are false; he or she believes they’re
the President or some important figure.
– Hallucinations:
• Hearing or seeing things that are not real.
• Schizophrenia is a psychosis disease.
Schizophrenia--Psychosis Disease
• Severe mental illness characterized by
delusions and hallucinations.
• Affects 2.4 million (1.1%) 18 + Americans
• Men- late teens, early twenties
• Women- late twenties, early thirties
• Three Classifications of Schizophrenia:
1. Paranoid Schizophrenia:
• person is being persecuted; delusions of grandiose.
2. Catatonic Schizophrenia:
• stops moving and talking and then becomes excitable.
Schizophrenia (continued)
3. Disorganized Schizophrenia:
• Person is incoherent; person shows inappropriate
emotions or expressionless.
• Cause of schizophrenia is not known.
– A child born of two schizophrenia parents has a
40% chance of becoming schizophrenic (avg...
risk is 1%).
– Brain produces too much of the neurotransmitter
dopamine.
• Symptoms:
– Social w/drawal; deterioration of performance at
work or school; delusions of grandeur; hear voices
commanding them to do something.
Schizophrenia (continued)
• Treatment Options:
– Antipsychotic Drugs
• Haloperidol
• Chlorpromazine
– Remains an illness that cannot always be treated
successfully.
– Sometimes a person w/ schizophrenia has to be
stabilized in a hospital against his or her own will.
– Side Effects of the Antipsychotic Drugs:
• Short Term= Dry mouth, blurred vision, difficulty in
urinating.
• Long Term= Tardive Dyskinesia (movement disorder).
Addictions
• Addiction
– A compelling desire to use a drug or engage in a specific
behavior, continued use despite negative consequences
• How Addictions Affect Health Status
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Physical health
Safety
Relationships
Problems with the law
Jeopardize financial health
Types of Addiction
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Drug
Exercise
Gambling
Nicotine
Perfectionism
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Relationship
Shopping
Television/computer
Thrill-Seeking
Workaholism
• Substance Addiction and Abuse:
– People who engage in substance abuse initially
have control of their lifestyle.
– Once they have become addicted, they are unable
to control their use of addicting substances
(nicotine, alcohol, heroin, etc,).
– Addiction is a physical dependence on a chemical
substance.
– This dependence leads to unpleasant symptoms,
called withdrawal (when a person stops using the
substance).
– Alcohol/Tobacco are the most abused drugs.
Behavioral and Emotional Disorders (continued)
• Compulsive Gambling:
– Brain releases a neurotransmitter (much like working out)
when gambling on a person or event.
– The number of compulsive gamblers has risen
dramatically in the United States in the past 20 years.
– Compulsive gambler shirks daily responsibilities and loved
ones; sells personal property to finance their bets; lie to
hide their losses; and engage in illegal activity to support
their habit.
– Compulsive gamblers often have other psychiatric
problems (must convince person to seek treatment).
– Treatment= Psychotherapy/Gamblers Anonymous
Self-Injury
• An unhealthy way to cope with emotions, stress, or
traumatic events
• Self-injury can be a symptom of a mood disorder,
anxiety disorder, or eating disorder
• Most people aren’t attempting suicide, but it is done
to feel better in a situation
– Some people may attempt suicide, but this is due to
emotional problems and not the cutting itself
• Occurs most often in young women, but can occur in
young men
• Methods
– Cutting or making scratches on the body using sharp objects
to bleed (razor, scissor, pin, glass)
– Burning body with a lighter, matches, or cigarettes
ADD/ADHD
• Attention-Deficit Disorder
• Doesn’t pay attention to
detail
• Careless mistakes
• Disorganized
• Doesn’t seem to listen
• Forgets to do daily
activities
• Easily distracted
• Difficulty following
directions
• Attention-Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder
• Fidgets or squirms while
seated
• Trouble staying seated
• Frequently runs or climbs
• Trouble working quietly
• Talks excessively
• Trouble waiting or taking
turns
• Interrupts others
Personality Disorder
• Group A- Odd or Eccentric Behaviors
• Paranoid Personality Disorderoverly distrustful and suspicious of others
come across as cold
• Schizoid Personality Disorderdetached from personal relationships
may be perceived by others as “loners”
• Schizotypal Personality Disordercharacterized both by a need for isolation and paranoid beliefs
may show inappropriate reaction, none at all, or talk to
themselves
• Group B- Dramatic, Emotional, Erratic
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Overly emotional or unstable
Selfish and demanding
High value on self and not on others
• Anti-social Personality Disorder-
(psychopathy or sociopathy)
may commit violent acts without any sense of guilt
lack of empathy or conscience
difficulty controlling impulses and manipulative behaviors
• Borderline Personality Disorderdramatic and abrupt mood shifts
impulsivity, poor self-image
highly sensitive to rejection and fear abandonment
• Narcissistic Personality Disorderneed for admiration and lack of empathy
tend to be extremely self-absorbed, intolerant of others’ perspectives
insensitive to others’ needs
• Group C- Anxious, Fearful Behavior
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Can’t make decisions
Strong need for approval
Avoid people for fear of rejection
• Avoidant Personality Disorder
often hypersensitive to rejection and unwilling to take social risks
display high level of social discomfort, timidity, fear of criticism,
avoidance of activities that involve interpersonal communication
• Dependent Personality Disorder
exhibit a pattern of needy and submissive behavior
rely on others to make decisions for them
require excessive reassurance and advice
• Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
focused on order and perfection that lack of flexibility interferes with
productivity and efficiency
workaholics and prefer to work alone for fear that work completed by others
will not be done correctly
Eating Disorders
• Anorexia
– Constant dieting: to little eating: to no
eating
– Affects CNS-Depression-Death
• Bulimia
– Binges on food, then purging
– Teeth, Heart Muscle, Glands
• Somatoform Disorder
– A person has symptoms of disease but no
physical cause can be found
• Hypochondria
– A person is constantly worried about illness
• Psychosomatic Disease
– A physical illness or disorder that is caused
or aggravated by emotional responses