Transcript document
Surgeon General’s Report Chapter 2: The Fundamentals of Mental Health and Mental Illness Josh Alexander The Basics in Painful Detail The brain has lots of different neuron types. Collect them all! Terminal buttons release Neurotransmitters across the Synapse to the Dendrites of the next neuron. The process it uses is called Diffusion (sold separately). More Physio Than You Can Shake a Stick at! Signal sent through neurons via electric impulses Each neuron is connected to over 1,000 other neurons. If I Only Had A… Uhh….. The Brain has lots of areas. The Occipital Lobe handles visual processing. The Parietal Lobe does Tactile information. Umm….. Your Frontal Lobe controls motor activity The Prefrontal Cortex helps with planning and integrating cognitions and emotions Your Obscure Brain Amygdala: controls basic emotional responses such as anger and fear Hippocampus: consolidates explicit memories of objects and events Your Favorite Mind-Altering Chemicals The brain uses more than 100 different neurotransmitters, like: Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine All neurotransmitters have multiple receptors that affect behavior in different ways. Where to Find Your Favorite Drugs Dopamine is produced in the Substantia Nigra and the Ventral Tegmental Area. Norepinephrine comes from the Locus Coreruleus and the Pons. Serotonin is made in the [CENSORED] Mental Disorders Characterized by weird cognition, emotion, or mood, as well as odd social interaction and planning. Kleptomania Anxiety Fear response, including increases heartbeat and sweating. Inappropriate responses: Phobias, panic attacks, and generalized anxiety Obsessive/Compulsive Disorder: get anxious when you can’t complete your compulsion. Psychosis (the old Hitchcock version, not the new one) Disturbances of perception and thought processes. Occurs in Schizophrenia and mood disorders. But that’s not all! Free gifts with Psychosis: Positive Symptoms: quality of consciousness not normally present. These are: Hallucinations: false sensory impressions. Can be of any sense. Delusions: false beliefs Psychotic Thought: disorganized, illogical, and bizarre. But Wait! There’s More! Negative Symptoms: absence of expected thoughts or behaviors, such as: Concrete thoughts Flat affect Anhedonia Lowered spontaneity and motivation My Mood is Swinging Like Tarzan Disturbances of Mood: sustained feeling of sadness or sustained elevation of mood. Major Depression Bipolar Disorder Underlying mechanisms unknown, but all respond to specific treatments I Get This Around Test Time Disturbances of Cognition: disruption of the ability to organize, process, and recall info Dementia: progressive deterioration of cognitive function Affects attention, concentration, short term memory, and language skills Diagnosis of Crazy People No definitive physical injury always indicates mental illness. Diagnosis relies on patient reports, mental health exams, and observation of their behavior. EVERYBODY’S nuts! Changes in diagnosis criteria have occurred over the years. People now have to have a cluster of symptoms to be diagnosed with an illness. Nifty Stats to Make You Depressed 20% of the U.S. population are affected by a mental disorder. 28-30% have either a mental disorder or an addiction. 5.4% of adults have a serious mental illness 2.6% have severe mental illness, including schizophrenia, bipolar, etc. And you Thought You Were the Only One…. 20% of children have mental illness with functional impairment. 19.8% of older adults have a disorder, not including Alzheimer’s. This Is Driving Me Crazy! Mental Disorders are thought to be caused by interplay between biological, social, and psychological factors. Biopsychosocial model says biology isn’t enough. Biology and the Raving Lunatic Genes, infection, physical trauma, nutrition, hormones, and toxins can affect mental health. Mental illness isn’t caused by single genes, but interactions of several genes and environmental factors. Bet You Didn’t Know…. Mental Disorders can be caused by certain illnesses HIV-Associated Dementia PANDAS Psychoanalysis (stop me if you’ve heard this one…) Much of mentality is unconscious. Past experiences affect feelings later in life. Id, Ego, Superego Mental disorders come from inability of ego to mediate between Id and Superego. Psychoanalyst helps client to discover what is hidden in the unconscious. Behaviorism (or, What are you doing to that rat!?!) Dismisses existence of unconscious. Looks at observable, learned behaviors. Behavior is shaped by reinforcement and punishment, and disorders are maladaptive learned responses. Breger’s Theory of Development Behavioral maturation goes from simple to complex Future responses are a product of previous ones Response to event depends on current developmental stage. Other Theories Piaget Theory covers Cognitive development, but not physical or emotional. Bowlby Attachment theory: security of attachment to mother lets child organize development in a coherent way Erikson Psychoanalytic Series of stages: trust vs mistrust; autonomy vs shame; initiative vs guilt; industry vs inferiority; identity vs role diffusion; intimacy vs isolation; generativity vs stagnation; ego integrity vs despair Preventing Mental Illness Hard to do because of incomplete knowledge of etiology or inability to affect the known etiology of disorders. Successful in preventing Major Depressive Disorder, Conduct Problems, and HIV-risk behaviors. An Ounce of Prevention is Worth about $25 on Ebay Primary Prevention: keeping a disease from occurring Secondary Prevention: keeping a disease from coming back or getting worse Tertiary Prevention: reducing negative effects of a disease Psychotherapy (or Night of the Living Freud) Psychodynamic therapy: self-understanding will produce positive change Humanistic therapy: personal growth and self-understanding will help Psychodynamic Therapy Psychoanalysis Interpersonal therapy: looks at grief, role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits. In a nutshell, the relationships between the client and others. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Mix of behaviorism and cognitive psychology Examines the role of environment as a behavioral model Change faulty cognitions to adaptive ones. Humanistic Therapy Focuses on future development Emphasizes feelings instead of cognitions and behavior Wants to improve subjective experience regardless of mental diagnosis (with part one…)