Transcript Document
Anxiety Disorders By Dr seddigh HUMS Anxiety Disorders Primary disturbance is distressingرنج روانی, persistent anxiety اضطراب مستمرor maladaptive behaviorsرفتار غیر انطباقی that reduce anxiety Anxiety - diffuseمنتشر, vague feelings احساس مبهمof fear and apprehension – everyone experiences it – becomes a problem when it is irrational, uncontrollable, and disruptive غیر قابل کنترل ودر هم گسیخته،غیر منطقی Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) اختالل اضطراب منتشر More or less constant worry about many issues نگرانی مداوم در اکثر موقعیتها The worry seriously interferes with functioning اختالل عملکرد جدی Physical symptoms عالئم جسمی – Headaches – Stomachaches – muscle tension سردرد ناراحتی معده تنش عضالنی Model of Development of GAD GAD has some genetic component Related genetically to major depression Childhood trauma also related to GAD Genetic predisposition or childhood trauma Hypervigilance GAD following life change or major event Phobias Intense, irrational fear that may focus on: – category of objects اشیا – event or situation موقعیتها – social setting مسایل اجتماعی Phobias It is not phobic to simply be anxious about something Study of normal anxieties 100 Percentage 90 of people 80 surveyed 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Snakes Being Mice Flying Being Spiders Thunder Being Dogs Driving Being Cats in high, on an closed in, and and alone a car in exposed airplane in a insects lightning in a crowd places small a house of people place at night Afraid of it Bothers slightly Not at all afraid of it Specific Phobias Specific phobias - fear of specific object – animals (e.g., snakes) – substances (e.g., blood) – situations (e.g., heights) – more often in females than males Some Unusual Phobias Ailurophobia - fear of cats Algobphobia - fear of pain Anthropophobia - fear of men Monophobia - fear of being alone Pyrophobia - fear of fire Social Phobias Social phobias - fear of failing or being embarrassed خجالت زدهin public – – – – public speaking (stage fright) fear of crowds, strangers meeting new people eating in public صحبت کردن ترس از شلوغی مالقات افراد جدید خوردن و آشامیدن Considered phobic if these fears interfere with normal behavior تداخل با رفتار طبیعی Equally often in males and females ♂ = ♀ Development of Phobias Classical conditioning model مدل شرطی شدن کالسیک – e.g., dog = CS, bite = UCS – problems: • often no memory of a traumatic experience • traumatic experience may not produce phobia Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Obsessions - irrational, disturbing thoughts that intrude into consciousness Compulsions - repetitive actions performed to alleviate obsessions Checking and washing most common compulsions Heightened neural activity in caudate nucleus Panic Disorder Panic attacks - helpless terror, high physiological arousal Very frightening - sufferers live in fear of having them Agoraphobia often develops as a result Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Follows traumatic event or events such as war, rape, or assault Symptoms include: – – – – – – nightmares flashbacks sleeplessness easily startled depression irritability Somatoform Disorders Bodily ailments in absence of any physical disease Examples are conversion disorder and somatization disorder Psychological Influences on Physical Symptoms and Diseases Conversion Disorder Person temporarily loses some bodily function – blindness, deafness, paralyzed portion of body – glove anesthesia No physical damage to cause Conversion Disorder Rare in western culture now – relatively common 100 years ago – prominent in Freud’s work/clients Often see examples in non-Western people exposed to traumatic event – e.g., high rate of psychological blindness in Cambodian women after Khmer Rouge reign of terror in 1970s Somatization Disorder Long history of dramatic complaints re: different medical conditions – complaints usually vague, undifferentiated – e.g., heart palpitations, dizziness, nausea Often difficult to determine whether complaints are somatization or undetectable physical disease Somatization Disorder Kleinman’s theory – somatization and depression are different manifestations of the same problem – cross-cultural research • pattern of somatoform disorders affected by cultural beliefs