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Anxiety Disorders Chapter 14, Lecture 3 “Through conditioning, the short list of naturally painful and frightening events can multiply into a long list of human fears.” - David Myers Anxiety Disorders Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Generalized anxiety disorder Panic disorder Phobias Obsessive-compulsive disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms 1. Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension. 2. Autonomic arousal. 3. Inability to identify or avoid the cause of certain feelings. Panic Disorder Symptoms Minutes-long episodes of intense dread which may include feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations. Anxiety is a component of both disorders. It occurs more in the panic disorder, making people avoid situations that cause it. Discovery Health Channel Phobia Study Top 10 fears (men and women combined): 3 1 1. Fear of snakes 1 3 2. Fear of being buried alive 2 4 3. Fear of heights 2 4. Fear of being bound or tied up 5. Fear of drowning 4 5 5 6. Fear of public speaking 7. Fear of hell 8. Fear of cancer 9. Fear of tornados and hurricanes 10. Fear of fire Discovery Health Channel Phobia Study Other results: We fear giving a speech (36%) more than meeting new people (12%) We fear embarrassing ourselves in a sport (44%) more than asking someone for a date (35%) We fear being stranded in the ocean (62%) more than being stranded in the desert (24%) We fear the IRS (57%) more than God (30%) Discovery Health Channel Phobia Study Things we fear equally: Rats and dentists (58%) Elevators and flying (52%) Public speaking and being alone in the woods (40%) While the pollsters found the level of fear in American society to be high, they also reported that few seek treatment (roughly 11 percent of those with extreme fear). Let’s see what you fear with Handout 14-10… When psychologist James Geer asked people the openended question “What do you fear?”, the fifty-one specific fears on this handout were mentioned more than once… The following 11 received the highest intensity ratings: untimely or early death, death of a loved one, speaking before a group, snakes, not being a success, being selfconscious, illness or injury to loved ones, making mistakes, looking foolish, failing a test, suffocating. Phobias Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior. Phobias Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior. Two common phobias: Agoraphobia – fear of situations where escape is difficult (i.e., open spaces) Social Phobia – fear of being scrutinized by others Other Specific Phobias Acarophobia Fear of itching or insects that cause itching Acrophobia Fear of heights Gephyrophobia Fear of bridges Hemophobia Fear of blood Aerophobia Fear of flying Triskaidekaphobia Fear of the number 13 Herpetophobia Fear of reptiles Mikrophobia Fear of germs Ergophobia Fear of work Other Specific Phobias Dextrophobia Fear of objects on the right side of the body Ailurophobia Fear of cats Aeronausiphobia Fear of vomiting Murophobia Fear of mice Amaxophobia Fear of vehicles and/or driving Numerophobia Fear of numbers Anthophobia Fear of flowers Nyctophobia Fear of darkness Anthrophobia Fear of people Other Specific Phobias Anglophobia Fear of England or anything related to English culture Androphobia Fear of men Cacophobia Fear of ugliness Claustrophobia Fear of closed spaces Testophobia Fear of tests Syngenesophobia Fear of relatives Liticaphobia Fear of lawsuits Octophobia Fear of the Figure 8 Pteronophobia Fear of being tickled Other Specific Phobias Arachibutyrophobia Fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of your mouth Coulrophobia Fear of clowns Gamophobia Fear of marriage Ochlophobia Fear of crowds Aquaphobia Fear of water Ophidiophobia Fear of snakes Arachnophobia Fear of spiders Ornithophobia Astraphobia Fear of birds Fear of lightning Other Specific Phobias Bogyphobia Fear of the Bogeyman Allinphobia Fear of garlic Allodoxaphobia Fear of opinions Amnesiphobia Fear of amnesia Phonophobia Fear of speaking aloud Brontophobia Fear of thunder Pyrophobia Fear of fire Thanatophobia Fear of death Cynophobia Fear of dogs Trichophobia Fear of hair Other Specific Phobias Dementophobia Fear of insanity Xenophobia Fear of strangers Genuphobia Fear of knees Hellenologophobia Fear of Greek terms Aulophobia Fear of flutes Chromophobia Fear of money Didaskaleinophobia Euphobia Fear of going to school Fear of hearing good news Ideophobia Fear of ideas Panophobia Fear of everything Other Specific Phobias Venustraphobia Fear of beautiful women Kosmikophobia Fear of cosmic phenomenon Lachanophobia Fear of vegetables Peladophobia Fear of bald people Samhainophobia Fear of Halloween Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia Fear of long words Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that cause distress. Brain Imaging A PET scan of the brain of a person with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). High metabolic activity (red) in the frontal lobe areas are involved with directing attention. Brain image of an OCD Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Four or more weeks of the following symptoms constitute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): 1. Haunting memories 4. Jumpy anxiety 5. Sleep problems Bettmann/ Corbis 2. Nightmares 3. Social withdrawal Resilience to PTSD Only about 10% of women and 20% of men react to traumatic situations and develop PTSD. Holocaust survivors show remarkable resilience against traumatic situations. All major religions of the world suggest that surviving a trauma leads to the growth of an individual. Explaining Anxiety Disorders Freud suggested that we repress our painful and intolerable ideas, feelings, and thoughts, resulting in anxiety. The Learning Perspective John Coletti/ Stock, Boston Learning theorists suggest that fear conditioning leads to anxiety. This anxiety then becomes associated with other objects or events (stimulus generalization) and is reinforced. The Learning Perspective Investigators believe that fear responses are inculcated through observational learning. Young monkeys develop fear when they watch other monkeys who are afraid of snakes. The Biological Perspective Natural Selection has led our ancestors to learn to fear snakes, spiders, and other animals. Therefore, fear preserves the species. Twin studies suggest that our genes may be partly responsible for developing fears and anxiety. Twins are more likely to share phobias. The Biological Perspective Generalized anxiety, panic attacks, and even OCD are linked with brain circuits like the anterior cingulate cortex. Anterior Cingulate Cortex of an OCD patient. Homework Read p.608-611 “Although nothing justifies terror and victimization, those who have suffered, [Staub] reports, often develop a greater-than-usual sensitivity to suffering and empathy for others who suffer, an increased sense of responsibility, and an enlarged capacity for caring.” - David Myers