Transcript Age group in years No. of respondents Good improvement

Depression?
Depression is an illness that affects our
thoughts, feelings, behavior and overall
health.
 One feels sad or down for long periods of
time
 It can even have physical affects on one’s
body

“A depressed person can feel hopeless,
helpless and worst of all alone” (Ayer,
1997)
 People suffering from depression always
feel they’ve done something wrong when
things go bad
 Many times people with depression
become irritable and upset at small things

Who Gets Depressed
Mental health professionals used to
believe that depression was an adult’s
disorder.
 In fact depression can affect anyone from
infants to teens to adults even older.

Symptoms of depression






Hopelessness
Increased irritability,
anger, or hostility
Low self esteem
Withdrawal
Loss of appetite or
constant hunger
Alcohol or drug
abuse





Self injury
Discussion or
thoughts of suicide
Feelings of guilt
Inability to
concentrate
Difficulty with
relationships
Common Types of Depression
 Major
Depression
 Dysthymia
 Bipolar Disorder
 Seasonal Affective Disorder
(SAD)
Major Depression
• Begin suddenly, possibly triggered by a loss, crisis or
change
• Interfere with normal functioning
• Continue for months or years
• It is possible for a person to have only one episode of
major depression. It is more common for episodes to
be long lasting or to occur several times during a
person’s life
Dysthymia
 People
with this illness are mildly
depressed for years. They function
fairly well on a daily basis but their
relationships suffer over time.
Bipolar Disorder
People with this type of illness change back
and forth between periods of depression and
periods of mania (an extreme high).
 Symptoms of mania may include:

◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Less need for sleep
Overconfidence
Racing thoughts
Reckless behavior
Increased energy
Mood changes are usually gradual, but can be
sudden
Season Affective Disorder

This is a depression that results from
changes in the season. Most cases begin in
the fall or winter, or when there is a
decrease in sunlight.
Causes of Depression
There is not one single cause of depression, it is
usually a combination of things.
 Stress is however the leading cause of
depression.
 Other things such as genetics, traumatic events,
low self esteem, stress and physical illness can
also contribute to depression.

Depression Statistics



10-25 percent of women
and 5-12 percent of men
will likely become
depressed in their life
One of eight women will
develop depression but
only one in three
women will seek care
15 percent of those with
severe depression will
commit suicide
70 percent of
antidepressant
prescriptions are given
with misdiagnosis
 Major depression occurs
most often in the mid to
late 20’s
 Depression occurs most
frequently in women 2544 years of age.
(Statistics, 2003-2007)

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
(CBT)

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is a psychological
treatment that addresses the interactions between how we
think, feel and behave. CBT is a process of teaching, coaching,
and reinforcing positive behaviours. CBT helps people to
identify cognitive patterns or thoughts and emotions that are
linked with behaviours..Evidence now supports the
effectiveness of CBT for many common mental disorders. For
some disorders, carefully designed research has led
international expert consensus panels to identify CBT as the
current “treatment of choice”.
Characteristics of
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy:
•
•
•
•
Thoughts cause Feelings and Behaviors.
Brief and Time-Limited.
Emphasis placed on current behavior.
CBT is a collaborative effort between the therapist
and the client.
•
Client role - define goals, express concerns,
learn & implement learning
•
Therapist role - help client define goals, listen,
teach, encourage.
•
•
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Based on "rational thought." - Fact not
assumptions.
CBT is structured and directive. Based
on notion that maladaptive behaviors are
the result of skill deficits.
Based on assumption that most emotional
and behavioral reactions are
learned. Therefore, the goal of therapy is to
help clients unlearn their unwanted
reactions and to learn a new way of
reacting.
Homework is a central feature of CBT.
Methodology
Total Sample Size- 208
 Pre Test & Post Test Groups- 4 (G1, G2,
G3, G4)
 G1- Only Homoeopathic Medicines
 G2- Only CBT
 G3- Combined Regimen Therapy
 G4- Placebo Therapy

Methodology (Contd.)
Case Taking of Patients
 Determination of Type of Therapy
 Follow Up of Patients & Assessment of
Progress
 Use of Different Instruments
 Organizing Sessions for CBT.

Sex wise distribution of
respondents
Gender
Frequency
Locality
Percentage
Urban
Rural
Male
81
53
28
38.94
Female
127
94
33
61.06
Total
208
147
61
100
Family size wise distribution of the
respondents
Family size
Frequency
Percentage
1-4
117
56.25
5-8
64
30.77
8 and Above
27
12.98
Family type wise distribution of the
respondents
Type of family
Nuclear
141
67.78
Extended
67
32.22
Locality wise distribution of the
respondents
Type of locality
Urban
61
29.33
Rural
147
70.67
Financial status of respondents
Socio economic
Number of
Percentage
status
Respondents
HIG
39
18.75
MIG
82
39.44
LIG
64
30.76
EWS
23
11.05
Occurrence of depression on the
basis of aetiological incidence
Cause
Frequency
Percentage
Emotional
116
56
Financial
28
13.6
Grief
49
23.4
Miscellaneous
15
7
Total
208
100
Homoeopathic Medicines Used
Name
Frequency
Percentage
Natrum- Mur
53
25.48
Pulsatilla
41
19.71
Nux Vomica
23
11.05
Ignatia
17
8.17
Anacardium
17
8.17
Arggentum Nitricum
15
7.21
Aurum Met
10
4.80
Scores of Pre & Post Test Groups
Score
Group
0-9
Degree of
Depressio
n
Depression
likely
Pre Test
Score
Frequency
Post Test
Frequency
Frequency
5
2.40
0
0
10-17
Possibly mild
9
4.33
0
0
18-21
Border line
32
15.38
10
4.80
83
39.90
24
11.53
49
23.56
19
9.13
30
14.43
13
6.25
22-35
36-53
54 and above
Mild to
moderate
Moderate to
severe
Very Severely
depressed
Homoeopathic Medicines on
Depression in different age groups
Moderate
Age group
No. of
Good
in years
respondents
improvement
16-20
6
4
1
1
20-40
27
18
5
4
40-60
19
11
4
4
improveme
nt
Mild/No
improvement
Response of CBT on Depression in
different age groups
Age
group
in
years
No. of
responde
nts
Good
Moderate
improvem % improvem
ent
16-20
16
10
20-40
26
18
40-60
10
5
Mild/No
%
ent
62.
5
69.
23
50
4
5
3
improvem
%
ent
25
19.2
3
30
2
12.5
3
11.53
2
20
Response of Combined Regimen
Therapy on Depression in different age
Age
groups
No. of
Good
Moderate
Mild/No
grou
p in
years
16-20
responde improvem %
nts
6
ent
3
improve
ment
50
2
68
20-40
19
13
.4
3
2
51
40-60
27
14
%
.8
5
9
improvem
%
ent
33.3
3
15.7
9
33.3
3
1
16.67
3
15.79
4
14.82
Response of PLACEBO therapy on
Depression in different age groups
Age
grou
No. of
Good
p in
respond
improve
year
ents
ment
10
3
Moderat
%
20-40
14
4
40-60
28
5
improve
%
30
28.5
7
17.8
6
improve
%
ment
ment
s
16-20
e
Mild/No
2
20
5
50
2
14.28
8
57.15
6
21.43
17
60.71
Response of over all treatment on
Depression in different age groups
Age
grou
No. of
Good
Moderate
p in
respond
improve
year
ents
ment
16-20
38
21
55.27
13
34.21
4
10.52
20-40
86
62
72.09
11
12.79
13
15.12
40-60
84
49
58.33
25
29.77
10
11.90
%
improve
Mild/No
%
ment
improve
%
ment
s
Conclusion
Combined therapy regimen of
Homoeopathic Medicines and CBT works
very effectively and provides wonderful
relief to the patients.
 Placebo Therapy is very effective for those
patients who are suffering from mild
psychosomatic disorders and have vague
complaints.

Conclusion (Contd.)

Mental symptoms in Homoeopathy have
incredible value. Any prescribing is made
keeping the mental symptoms of patient
in central attention. Hence they are very
effective in treating psychological
disorders. They bring dramatic changes in
the thoughts of patient by de-rooting the
culprit from the body.
Conclusion (Contd.)

CBT was found as psycho educational
form of psychotherapy. Its purpose is for
patients to learn new skills of selfmanagement that they will then put into
practice in everyday life. It adopts a
collaborative stance that encourages them
towards optimistic attitude.
Recommendation
• Following points are very important to
live a healthy and cheerful life free from
depression:
• Healthy life style leads to lesser amount of
depression.
• Development of supportive relationship.
• Practicing regular physical exercises,
meditation, relaxation techniques and having
sound sleep are components of training in
CBT.
Nutritious diet boosts mood naturally.
• Proper time management and coping with
stress is required.
Recommendation (Contd.)
• Balancing emotions and remaining optimistic.
• Seeking professional support, when ever any
negative thoughts are disturbing frequently.
• Life skill training is important for not losing
psychological balance in adversity also as ups
and downs are part of the life.
• Setting the goals as per your capacity.
• As for as possible following the system of
extended family is beneficial.
• In built shock absorbers are to be developed
within family support system.
• frequency of family and professional gettogether are to be increased.
• Counseling for the management of depression
is to be made part of medical training as
behavioral medicine procedure.
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