Transcript Knepp, M.M. - University of Mount Union

Differences in Alcohol Expectancies and Problems Between
Worriers and Nonworriers
Michael M. Knepp, Chad L. Stephens, Sheri L. Towe, Chris S. Immel, Ryoichi J.P. Noguchi,
Jared A. Rowland, & David W. Harison
METHOD
•Seven Hundred Eight-Five students completed online
questionnaires as part of the STATE Project (subjects failing
validity checks were screened out).
•Undergraduates ranged form ages 18-24. The sample included
male and females with a diverse sampling of ethnicity.
•The questionnaires pertained to substance abuse, temperament,
anxiety, worry, trauma, exercise and emotion regulation.
•The Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) was used to
measure trait worry. The PSWQ is a commonly used and
psychometrically sound measure of the symptoms of pathological
worry (Molina & Borkovec, 1994).
•Alcohol related and health questionnaires included:
•An alcohol problems index from the Rutgers Alcohol Problem
Index (RAPI) (White & Labouvie, 1989)
•Alcohol Outcome Expectancies were measured using the
Comprehensive Effects of Alcohol Scale (CEOA; Fromme,
Stroot, & Kaplan, 1993)
•Possible diagnoses of panic disorder, other anxiety disorder
and alcohol abuse were measured via the Patient Health
Questionnaire (PHQ; Spitzer, Kreonke, & Williams, 1998).
Correspondence to: [email protected]
•cognitive/behavioral impairment expectancies
•self perception expectancies
Mean Score
•(F (1, 354) = 14.24, p < .001)
5
4
3
•(F (1, 355) = 13.88, p < .001)
•There were three findings related to diagnosis on the PHQ:
•Individuals with possible panic diagnosis reported more problems
with alcohol.
•(F(1, 686) = 16.86, p < .001).
•Individuals with possible other anxiety diagnosis scored
significantly higher on the RAPI than those with no potential
diagnosis.
•(F(1, 686) = 5.16, p < .05)
•High worriers to be more likely to have a possible alcohol abuse
diagnosis on the PHQ than nonworriers
•(χ2 (1, N = 357) = 3.18, p < .075).
CONCLUSIONS
High Worry
1
0
• cognitive /behavioral impairment desirability
•High worriers reported significantly more problems with alcohol as
scored by the RAPI.
Medium Worry
2
•(F(1, 354) = 19.14, p <.001)
•(F(1, 354) = 5.99, p < .02)
•A trend towards significance was found with high worriers reporting
higher sociability expectancies of alcohol.
•(F(1, 354) = 3.60, p < .06)
Low Worry
Fear
Positive
Affect
Sociability
Extraversion
ATQ Scale
Trait Worry and Health Outcomes
1.8
18
1.6
16
Total Score on RAPI
•This study’s goal was to examine why high trait worriers drink
and how they evaluate their problems with alcohol.
6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
14
12
10
8
6
4
0.2
2
0
0
Low
Medium
Low
High
Medium
High
Worry Level
Worry Level
Trait Worry and Inhibition
32
30
31
Total score on the BIS
•Comeau, Stwardt, and Loba (2001) reported that individuals high
in trait anxiety had more conformity motives than low anxiety
individuals, suggesting that anxiety or worry could be associated
with higher levels of alcohol use in response to social pressures.
Trait Worry and Temperament
•With regard to scores on the CEOA, High worriers when compared
with low worriers had higher:
30
29
28
27
26
25
25
20
15
10
5
0
Low
Medium
High
Low
Worry Level
Medium
High
Worry
•High worriers report more problems with alcohol than nonworriers
•However, is this because high worriers have more problems with
alcohol or are they more cognizant of things they believe might be
problems.
•High worriers both expect and desire alcohol to impair them
cognitively and behaviorally
•Mixed with the self-perception and sociability expectancies, one
can hypothesize that high worriers may over-drink on purpose with
the hope that significant impairment will lead to better social
interactions.
Trait Worry and Heart Rate
88
86
Heart Rate (bpm)
•Although there have been numerous studies relating anxiety
disorder comorbidity with alcohol abuse (e.g.,, Low et al., 2008)
or dependence (e.g., Degenhardt, Hall, & Lynskey, 2001) in
clinical populations, less is known about nonclinical or
community samples.
RESULTS
Major Depressive Syndrome
(# of criteria met)
•Worry involves a predominance of verbal thought whose
function appears to be the cognitive avoidance of threat
(Borkovec et al., 1998). When taken to an extreme, this
avoidance involves chronic negative apprehension.
RESULTS
Reappraisal Score on ERQ
INTRODUCTION
84
82
80
Low Worry
78
Medium Worry
76
High Worry
74
72
70
68
Men
Women
Gender
Presented at the 21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, San Francisco, CA, May 2009