Transcript depression-1 - IB Psychology.com

Functional Mental Disorders: abnormal patterns
without clear links to physical disorders in the brain.
Psycho-Surgery
Electro Convulsive Therapy
Drug Therapy
Cognitive Perspective:
Lobotomy
•Mostly used from 1935-1955
• When certain pieces of nerve fibers
are destroyed,
•It was also used on schizophrenia
• Now a days it’s used but in extreme cases
such as severe depression or Obsessive
Compulsive Disorder.
• Extreme change in personality, and
motivation.A
•1-4% chance of
death
Biological Perspective
• There are two types: Unilateral ECT
or Bilateral ECT
• Electric shocks of about 100
volts which induce a seizure and
muscle relaxation.
• Its done at least 6 times in a
period of 3-4 weeks
• Now a days only used for severe
depression, and only if the drugs
weren’t effective.
•It’s effective for it normally
works 60- 80% relieving cases
of depression.
What it does?
• Shocks destroy neurons that are
responsible for emotions.
• They affect the balance of
neurotransmitters involved in
emotions
• It works as
a punishment
• It produces memory loss and
restructuring of thoughts
Side Effects;
•Memory loss
•3/1000 people die
Biological Perspective
Anti-Depressants
Side Effects:
• It increases the serotonin levels .
Example:
Prozac
• It relieves about 75%.
• Controls symptoms but not
the cause.
• Dryness of mouth
• Psychological and
physical addiction.
• Drowsiness
• Weight gain or
loss
• Dangerous blood
conditions
Biological Perspective
• It reduces everything to the
biological perspective. It is the basis
of our behavior but there is a lot
more that comes with it.
• Many experiments aren’t
conclusive. They are done in
animals.
• The treatments used such as drugs
have many side-effects.
• The treatments can be
addictive and some of them
are unethical (ECT).
• With new techniques we are
now available to research into
biological causes quicker, which
allows us to have more
information in a shorter amount
of time.
• New medications have
been discovered, helping
many people overcome
there problems.
• It reminds us that
psychological processes have a
biological base.
Biological Perspective
When people display abnormal patterns of functioning,
the assume cognitive problems are to blame.
• Rational Emotive Therapy (Ellis)
• Strengths & Weaknesses
• Beck’s Cognitive Reconstructing Therapy
Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis
The End
Basic irrational assumptions:
there interactions are affected by
there assumptions.
• RET uses different
methods depending on
• He points out what might be wrong.
the personality of the
Very confrontational and in some cases
client.
humorous.
• Direct, persuasive
and active therapy
Example:
“So what if you got a crap grade on your
essay? It was only one essay it doesn’t mean
your useless.”
• Homework assignments are given so that they can
observe their assumptions, so they can think of ways to
test the rationality of these assumptions.
• Therapist is the teacher, and
there should not be a warm
relationship
Cognitive Perspective
Illogical thinking process: selective
attention, magnification,
overgeneralization. (Automatic
thoughts)
• Help clients to recognize
the negative thoughts and
errors in logic.
What they do?
• Therapists guide clients to
question and challenge their
bad thoughts.
• To use different ways
of thinking in their daily
lives.
• Try out new interpretations.
• This therapy believes the quality
of the therapeutic relationship.
• This therapy isn't so direct, it
allows the client to discover the
misconceptions themselves.
• Beck’s cognitive therapy
uses a method depending
on the particular disorder.
Cognitive Perspective
• It focuses on human thought.
• It is very reductionist.
Thinking is just one part of the
human functioning. There is
more that needs to be
addressed.
• The RET approach is very
direct sometimes causing
patients to change forcefully.
• Cognitive theories can be put to test.
When a person is manipulated into
accepting unpleasant assumptions or
thoughts they become a certain way.
• These therapies we have come
to realize symptoms of these
malfunction (bad assumptions and
thoughts).
Cognitive Perspective
•Prolonged sadness or unexplained crying spells
•Significant changes in appetite and sleep patterns
•Irritability, anger, worry, agitation, anxiety
•Pessimism, indifference
•Loss of energy, persistent lethargy
•Feelings of guilt, worthlessness
•Inability to concentrate, indecisiveness
•Inability to take pleasure in former interests, social
withdrawal
•Unexplained aches and pains
•Recurring thoughts of death or suicide
Talk therapy
Psychotherapy, or "talk therapy" is an important part of
treatment of depression for many people. It can sometimes work
alone in cases of mild to moderate depression or it can be used in
conjunction with other treatments. People who are severely
depressed may not be able to benefit from psychotherapy until their
symptoms have been lifted through another means of treatment.
A good therapist can help you modify behavioral or
emotional patterns that contribute to your depression. There are
several types of psychotherapy: interpersonal, cognitive-behavioral,
group, marriage and family, to name a few. Research the different
types and find one that is right for you. Psychotherapists, while
highly-educated professionals, are not medical doctors and therefore
cannot prescribe medication. If you or your therapist think you could
benefit from medication, you need to see a general practitioner or a
psychiatrist.
•Understand your illness
•Define and reach wellness goals
•Overcome fears or insecurities
•Cope with stress
•Make sense of past traumatic experiences
Separate your true personality from the mood swings caused by your
illness
•Identify triggers that may worsen your symptoms
•Improve relationships with family and friends
•Plan for the future
•Understand your needs
•Establish a stable, dependable routine
•Develop a plan for coping with crises
•Understand why things bother you and what you can do about them
•Eliminate destructive habits such as drinking, using drugs, overspending,
unhealthysex, etc.
•Understand and stick with treatment
Some of the more common factors involved in depression are:
Family history. Genetics play an important part in depression. It can run in families
for generations.
Trauma and stress. Things like financial problems, the breakup of a relationship, or
the death of a loved one can bring on depression. You can become depressed after
changes in your life, like starting a new job, graduating from school, or getting
married.
Pessimistic personality. People who have low self-esteem and a negative outlook
are at higher risk of becoming depressed. These traits may actually be caused by lowlevel depression (called dysthymia).
Physical conditions. Serious medical conditions like heart disease, cancer, and HIV
can contribute to depression, partly because of the physical weakness and stress they
bring on. Depression can make medical conditions worse, since it weakens the
immune system and can make pain harder to bear. In some cases, depression can be
caused by medications used to treat medical conditions.
Other psychological disorders. Anxiety disorders, eating disorders, schizophrenia,
and (especially) substance abuse often appear along with depression.