Transcript Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural

Adolescence and
Emerging Adulthood: A
Cultural Approach
Chapter 13
Problems
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Chapter Overview

Externalizing problems
• Problem behavior theory
• Risky automobile driving
• Substance use
• Delinquency and crime
• Factors involved in risk behavior

Internalizing problems
• Depression
• Eating disorders
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Two Broad Problem Types
1.
Externalizing Problems – create difficulties in a person’s
external world (a.k.a. “undercontrolled”)
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2.
Tend to go together (a person that fights is also more likely
to commit other crimes)
More common among males
Often motivated by desire for excitement, not necessarily
underlying unhappiness or psychopathology
Internalizing Problems – primarily affect a person’s internal
world (A.k.a. “overcontrolled”)
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Tend to go together (a person who is depressed is also more
likely to have an anxiety disorder)
More common in females
Associated with experiencing distress
Bear in Mind… The distinction between the two types is
not absolute. A delinquent adolescent might also be
depressed. Research shows adolescents with both types
have had difficult family backgrounds.
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Substance Use
Risky Driving
Crime
Externalizing Problems
= Risk Behavior
= Problem Behavior
Extensively studied by
social Scientists in the
past 30 years
Risky Sexual Behavior
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Problem Behavior Theory
(Jessor)
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Problem Behavior Syndrome = Pattern of
correlations between externalizing
problems
Theory: Problems have common origins
• Background factors – e.g., family income
• Personality factors – e.g., self-esteem
• Social factors – e.g., parental control
Bear in Mind… The correlations among the different
problem behaviors are not always high and should not be
over-emphasized. It’s important not to jump to
conclusions!
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Risky Driving
Highest rates of auto accidents,
injuries, & fatalities?
Youth aged 16-24
Leading cause of death for this
age group?
Auto accidents
Possible Reasons?
Belief
that
friends
Cultural
Sensation-seeking
norms
that
glorify
Lack
Risks
Not
Driving
Driver
of
wearing
taken
parental
Inexperience?
while
while
a
impaired
seatbelt
monitoring
driving
Optimistic
Bias
Aggressiveness
approve
of risky
driving
speeding
personality
and racing
Are these individual, social, cultural,
factors?
Other factors?
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Shope’s Model of
Young Driver
Crash Risks (2002)
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Driver Crash Involvement:
Property Damage
Rates per 100,000: 1997
What do you notice?
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Driver Crash Involvement:
Injury
Rates per 100,000: 1997
What do you notice?
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Driver Crash Involvement:
Fatality
Rates per 100,000: 1997
What do you notice?
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Prevention: Two Approaches
1.
Driver Education
•
•
2.
Generally hasn’t worked too well…
Get your license faster…you’re out
there driving and getting into
accidents!
Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL)
•
•
•
More effective
Address a variety of risk factors
Restrict the conditions under which
novices can drive
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Graduated Licensing Strategy

Three Stages to a GDL program:
L
1. Learning License – getting driving
experience under supervision of
experienced driver
N
2. Restricted License – can drive
unsupervised, but with restrictions
designed to reduce crashes (e.g.,
driving curfews)
3. Full License – after 1 year restricted
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Substance Use

Alcohol

Cigarettes
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Illegal drugs (e.g., marijuana,
cocaine, LSD, ecstasy…)
Adolescent substance use became
target of a great deal of political attention,
public policy programs and research
In the 1980s and beyond….
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Substance Use, 1975-1999
Source:
Monitoring the Future, 2000
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Alcohol & Marijuana Use by Age
Notice the higher
levels of use during
age when unstructured
socializing is
most prevalent
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Sequence of Substance Use
1. Drinking beer and wine
2. Smoking cigarettes and drinking
hard liquor
3. Smoking marijuana
4. Using “hard” drugs
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Discussion Stop
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
Some people have interpreted the
“gateway drug” theory as indicating
that if adolescents could be
prevented from using alcohol and
cigarettes, they would also be less
likely to use marijuana and hard
drugs.
Do you think this is true, or would
they be more likely to use other
drugs if their access to alcohol and
cigarettes were curtailed?
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Adolescents use in different ways…
Experimental
Social
curiosity “to see what it’s like”
Once or twice
Use during social activities with one
or more friends
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Medicinal
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To relieve unpleasant emotional
state such as sadness or anxiety
Addictive
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Dependency either physical or
psychological
What do you think?
Which adolescents use more frequently? Which
adolescents tend to be healthier psychologically?
What are implications of each type of use? What
types of prevention strategies might work best for
each type?
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Delinquency and Crime: Definitions

Delinquency – when “juveniles” commit
crimes:
1. Status Offences – only a violation of the law
because committed by juvenile
2. Index Crimes – serious crimes at any age
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Violent Crimes
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Property Crimes
3. Nonindex Crimes – less serious offenses
such as gambling, disorderly conduct
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Age and Crime
1842
1977
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Two Types of Delinquency
(Moffit, 1993)
Life-course-persistent delinquents
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Pattern of problems from birth on up
Originate in neuropsychological deficits (difficult
temperament, LD)
Likely to grow up in high risk environment
Adolescent-delimited delinquents
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No signs of problems in infancy or childhood
Period of occasional criminal activity between
ages of 12-25 (e.g., vandalism, illegal drug use)
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Discussion Stop
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What do you think of Moffit’s
claim that adolescencedelimited delinquents are
motivated by a desire to claim
access to adult power and
privilege?
What other motivations do you
think may be involved in AL
delinquency?
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Preventing Crime & Delinquency
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Prevention programs for children who
show signs of risk for LCPD and for
adolescents engaging in serious
delinquency
Varied Strategies:
•
•
•
•
•
Individual therapy
Group therapy
Vocational training
Outward Bound type programs
Scared Straight “Boot Camp” type programs
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Preventing Crime & Delinquency
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Two problems with prevention programs:
1. Participation is typically non-voluntary or
against one’s will
2. Prevention comes too late (in adolescence)
after behavior patterns have been established
• The Multisytemic Approach has been met with some success
• MST includes parent training, job training, vocational
counseling, development of neighborhood activities and
centers – directing the energy of delinquents in positive
directions.
• See the next slide for data on MST.
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Preventing Crime & Delinquency
Multisytemic therapy (MST) vs. usual Juvenile Justice
Services for serious adolescent offenders
Note:
Lower is better!
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Factors involved in Risk Behavior
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Socialization and Delinquency
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What is a “socialized delinquent”?
An “unsocialized delinquent”?
Check out the chapter!
Find out about research on
other factors involved in Risk
Behavior outlined in the
Previous Slide
Culture and Risk Behavior
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In traditional cultures, Schlegel and Barry
(1991) found that boys and not girls tend to
engage in risk behavior during adolescence
Evidence of antisocial behavior in less than half
of the cultures studied
In Western countries other than the USA,
engage in less risky driving behavior
USA has highest rates of violent crimes
See the following two slides for data related to
culture and risk behavior
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Deaths from Suicide & Homicide
The USA has the highest
homicide rate;
Canada the highest suicide rate
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
15-year olds Who Report Smoking Daily
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Levels of Depression

Depression is an enduring period
of sadness:
• Depressed mood: enduring period of
sadness without any related
symptoms
• Depressive syndrome: addition of
symptoms such as frequent crying,
feeling guilty, lonely or worried
• Major Depressive Disorder: Episode
includes five or more symptoms
during a two-week period and disrupt
functioning
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Major Depressive Disorder
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Depressed or irritable mood for most of the day,
nearly every day.
Reduced interest or pleasure in all or almost all
activities, nearly every day.
Significant weight loss or gain, or decrease in
appetite.
Insomnia or oversleeping.
Psychomotor agitation or retardation, observable by
others.
Low energy or fatigue.
Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt.
Diminished ability to think or concentrate.
Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal
thoughts.
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Constructing Ideas:
Causes of Depression?
Define and discuss the
diathesis-stress model in
terms of genetic and
environmental factors.

How does gender relate to
this?

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Treating Depression with CBT…
Cognitive Behavior
Therapy (CBT) recognizes
that depression is
characterized by negative
attributions, and a belief
that the situation is
permanent and
uncontrollable
The goal of CBT is to help
the young person recognize
the cognitive habits that are
promoting depression and
work to change those
habits. Strategies include
discussion, role play,
practicing new ways of
interacting
Relapse is less likely after CBT
treatment than drug treatment
Suicide: Risk Factors and Facts
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Risk factors:
•
•
•
•
•
Third most
Depression
common cause of
death ages 15-19
Family disruption
Substance abuse problems
Relationship problems outside family
Result of series of difficulties over time
Females 4 times more likely than males to attempt suicide
Males 4 times more likely than females to kill themselves
Higher rates among White than Black youth
Rates highest among Native American youth
Rates are highest where guns are most available
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Eating Disorders
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Anorexia Nervosa –
intentional self-starving
Bulimia – binge eating and
purging
Cultural ideal of thinness
Puberty and body changes
More common among upper and middle socioeconomic classes
Girls who read magazines like “Seventeen” are more
likely to strive for thinness
Warm and controlling parents
Occurs most often among females in teens and early 20s
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Discussion Stop

What would you
propose as an
effective
treatment for
different eating
disorders? Why?
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.