Transcript Development
Developmental Psychology Defined • the study of the systematic changes that occur throughout the lifespan of the organism Nature/Nurture Controversy Erikson’s Psychosocial stages Trained as a Freudian Psychoanalyst One of the first theorists that looked at development through the lifespan Came up with stages relating to the social conflict Did feel early experiences leave a permanent mark, but did not focus on unconscious. Psychosocial stages Trust vs Mistrust (birth to one) Autonomy vs Shame and doubt (1-3) Initiative vs Guilt (4-5) Industry vs Inferiority (6 – 12) Identity vs role confusion (adolescence) Intimacy vs Isolation (young adulthood) Generativity vs Stagnation (middle adulthood) Integrity vs Despair (late adulthood) Kohlberg’s Moral Development In Europe a woman was near death from cancer. One drug might save her, a form of radium that a druggist in the same town recently discovered. The druggist was charging $2000, ten times what the drug cost to make. The husband went to everyone to borrow money, but he could only get half together. He asked the druggist to sell it cheaper or let him pay later, and was told “no.” the husband broke into the man’s store and stole the drug. Was this morally right? Why? Study Methods Specific to Developmental Psychology Cross Sectional Studies • observing subjects of varying ages at one moment in time Longitudinal • observing subjects of the same age at varying times across their lifespan Genetics 23 pairs chromosomes Dominant vs. Recessive Male XY, Female XX Down syndrome- extra chromosome There are abnormalities (XXY, XYY, XXX, XO)- studies on behavioral differences Prenatal Development Zygote-conception to two weeks of gestation - placenta, teratogens Embryo-from two to nine weeks of gestation- vulnerable, miscarriages Fetus-from nine weeks to birth Age of Viability-the age at which a fetus can survive outside the womb (about 24 weeks) Infant senses Hearing, smell, taste, sight Memory- age 3, but... Blink, Moro, palmer, rooting Motor development • Maturation- genetically programmed biological plan • Proximodistal- Torso out • Cephalocaudal- Head down Childhood-Physical Development Perception • Visual Acuity • Depth Perception-visual cliff Motor-Large Muscle Development • Milestone development • • • • • head support rolls over sits up standing walking Childhood-Emotional Development Attachment • Studies done by Harlow • Found infant monkeys would seek comfort from terry cloth mothers even if they were not fed by them Attachment Separation anxiety (peaks at 13 months) • Mary Ainsworth study on attachment Secure attachment Anxious-Ambivalent Avoidant Effects of poor attachment Temperament Easy (40%) Adaptable Difficult (10%) Slow-to-warm-up infants (15%) Average (35%) 70% of difficult infants dev beh problems 18% of the easy infants dev beh problems Parenting style Authoritarian- rules and obedience Permissive- few demands, little punishment Authoritative- demanding but responsive Authoritative seems to be best approach, but research is correlational. Adolescence Pubesence- two years before puberty Secondary sex characteristics Puberty• Males- sperm production 14, maturation 18 • Females- menarche 12.5, maturation 16 Early puberty affects on gender Adolescence Physical beginnings of adulthood to independence Physiological Changes • Puberty-stage when sexual functions reach maturity, generally considered to be the mark of the beginning of adolescence • Growth Spurt- earlier in girls, maturation • Maturation of secondary sex characteristics Adolescence Emotional Development • Erikson-search for identity Physiological Changes • Puberty-stage when sexual functions reach maturity, generally considered to be the mark of the beginning of adolescence • Growth Spurt • Maturation of secondary sex characteristics Gender development Carol Gilligan- girls moral decisions “care perspective” Females are more “interdependent” Most difference are attributed to gender roles in society. Men do seem to have slightly better spatial skills, women verbal and fine motor skills Issues in Adulthood Psychosocial Development • Erikson-intimacy, generativity, and integrity Physical Changes/Aging • appearance • hormones • sensory sensitivity Cognitive Changes • longitudinal vs cross sectional • crystallized vs fluid • recall vs recognition Stage Theorists in Development Erikson-Psychosocial Development Freud-Psychosexual Development Piaget-Cognitive Development Kohlberg-Moral Development Piaget’s stages Sensori-motor- object permanence Preoperational- symbolize, language, imitation, egocentric, irreversibility, conservation Concrete operations- can decenter and reverse, have trouble with hypothetical Formal operations- abstract, logic and systematic thinking Piaget’s terms for thinking Schema- basic thought structure Assimilation- Applying a schema to a new situation (all 4 legged animals= dog, all male adults= dad) Accommodation- Changing schemas based on experience or understanding