Transcript Abnormal Psych

Chapter 12
Personality Disorders
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
1.
2.
3.
4.
Chapter 12
Identify the differences between personality
disorders and acute disorders.
Identify the three clusters of personality disorders,
the disorders in each cluster, and the ways in
which the disorders in each cluster are related.
Discuss the criticisms of the DSM’s approach to
classifying personality disorders.
Discuss the controversies that surround the
personality disorders, including claims that they
are gender-biased and race/ethnicity biased.
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives, continued
5.
6.
7.
Chapter 12
Identify the similarities and differences between
schizophrenia and the odd-eccentric personality
disorders.
Describe the key symptoms and characteristics of
each personality disorder, the theories that attempt
to explain it, and the approaches used to treat it.
Discuss why some of the personality disorders
(such as antisocial personality disorder) are
especially difficult to treat.
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives, continued
8.
Identify the differences among avoidant personality
disorder, social phobia, and schizoid personality
disorder.
9. Identify the similarities and differences between
obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessivecompulsive personality disorder.
10. Describe alternative conceptualizations of the
personality disorders.
Chapter 12
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Personality Disorders

Long-standing patterns of thought, behavior,
and emotions that are maladaptive for the
individual or for people around him or her.
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DSM-IV-TR Personality Disorders

Cluster A: Odd-Eccentric
Personality Disorders
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Symptoms similar to those for
schizophrenia, including inappropriate or flat
affect, odd thought and speech patterns,
paranoia. People with these disorders
maintain their grasp on reality, however.

Cluster B: Dramatic
Emotional Personality
Disorders

Manipulative, volatile, and uncaring in social
relationships. Impulsive, sometimes violent
behavior that show little regard for their own
safety or the safety or needs of others

Cluster C: Anxious-Fearful
Personality Disorders

Extremely concerned about being criticized
or abandoned by others and thus have
dysfunctional relationships with them.
Chapter 12
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problems with the DSM-IV-TR Categories

Symptoms described are often only extreme versions of
otherwise “normal” traits.

Overlap in the diagnostic criteria and the majority of people who
are diagnosed with one disorder tend to meet the diagnostic
criteria for at least one other personality disorder.

Diagnosing a personality disorder often requires information
that is hard for a clinician to obtain.

Conceptualized as stable characteristics, yet they vary, so
individuals go in and out of the diagnosis
Chapter 12
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender and Ethnic/Racial Biases
in Construction and Application

Differences in frequencies with which men and
women and individuals of minority groups are
diagnosed with different personality disorders.

Lack of recognition that the expressions of
symptoms of a disorder may vary between women
and men.

Lack of recognition that the expressions of
symptoms of a disorder may vary between groups.
Chapter 12
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cluster A: The Odd-Eccentric Personality
Disorders
Paranoid personality disorder
Chronic and pervasive mistrust
and suspicion of other people that
is unwarranted and maladaptive.
Schizoid personality disorder
Chronic lack of interest in and
avoidance of interpersonal
relationships, emotional coldness
toward others.
Schizotypal personality disorder
Chronic pattern of inhibited or
inappropriate emotion and social
behavior, aberrant cognitions,
disorganized speech.
Weak
Chapter 12
Relationship to Schizophrenia
Strong
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Cluster B: Dramatic Emotional Personality
Disorders

Antisocial
personality disorder

Pervasive pattern of criminal, impulsive, callous,
or ruthless behavior; disregard for rights of
others; no respect for social norms. One of the
most common of the personality disorders and
one of the most difficult to treat.

Borderline
personality disorder

Rapidly shifting and unstable mood, selfconcept, and interpersonal relationships;
impulsive.

Histrionic
personality disorder

Rapidly shifting moods, unstable relationships,
and intense need for attention and approval;
dramatic, seductive behavior.

Narcissistic
personality disorder

Grandiose thoughts and feelings of one’s own
worth; obliviousness to others’ needs.
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Borderline Personality Disorder
Chapter 12
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Contributors to Antisocial
Personality Disorder
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Genetic predisposition
Testosterone
Serotonin
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity
Executive functions
Arousability
Social cognitive factors
Chapter 12
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cluster C: The Anxious-Fearful Personality
Disorders
Avoidant personality disorder
Pervasive anxiety, a sense of
inadequacy, and a fear of being
criticized, which leads to the
avoidance of social interactions
and nervousness.
Dependent personality disorder:
Pervasive selflessness, need to be
cared for, fear of rejection, leading to
total dependence on and submission
to others.
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
.
Pervasive rigidity in one’s activities and
interpersonal relationships, including emotional
construction, extreme perfectionism, and
anxiety about even minor disruptions in one’s
routine.
Chapter 12
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Five Factor Model: Based on the Big 5
Personality Factors
Neuroticism
Extraversion
Openness to
experience
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
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Neuroticism
Individuals high on neuroticism are
chronically anxious, hostile,
depressed, self-conscious, impulsive,
and have poor coping skills; people
low on neuroticism lack these
problems.
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Extraversion
Individuals high on extraversion are
sociable, active, talkative,
interpersonally oriented, optimistic,
fun-loving and affectionate; people
low on extraversion (referred to as
introverts) are reserved, sober, aloof,
independent, and quiet.
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Openness to Experience
Individuals high on this factor actively seek
and appreciate experiences for their own
sake, are curious, imaginative, and willing to
entertain new and unconventional ideas;
people low on this factor are conventional in
their beliefs and attitudes, conservative in
tastes, dogmatic, rigid in their beliefs, set in
their ways, and emotionally unresponsive.
Chapter 12
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Agreeableness
Individuals high on this factor are
softhearted, good-natured, trusting,
helpful, forgiving, and altruistic; people
low on this factor are cynical, rude,
suspicious, uncooperative, irritable, and
can be manipulative, vengeful, and
ruthless.
Chapter 12
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Conscientiousness
Individuals high on this factor are
organized, reliable, hard-working, selfdirected, punctual, scrupulous,
ambitious, and persevering; people low
on this factor are aimless, unreliable,
lazy, careless, lax, negligent, and
hedonistic.
Chapter 12
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.