Transcript Personality

Personality
Gordon Alport defined personality as
the;
“Dynamic organization within the
individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his or her
unique adjustment to the environment”
Personality = temperament + character +
intelligence
Basic functions of personality are :
to feel,
to think, and
to perceive, and
to incorporate these into purposeful behaviors.
Regarding BEHAVIOUR:
Temperament
HOW
Character
WHAT
WHY
Four major temperament traits have been
identified:
Harm avoidance
‫دوری از خطر‬
Novelty seeking
‫تنوع طلبی‬
Reward dependence ‫وابستگی به نظر دیگران‬
Persistence
‫مداومت‬
Ancient four temperaments:
Melancholic (harm avoidance),
Choleric (novelty seeking),
Sanguine (reward dependence), and
Phlegmatic (persistence).
Character
Character
Self – directedness
Cooperativeness
Self - transcendence
DSMIV-TR defines personality
disorders as:
An enduring pattern of inner
experience and behavior that
deviates markedly from the
expectations of the individual`s
culture.
Personality disorder is manifested in two
(or more) of the following areas:
1. Cognition (i.e. ways of perceiving and
interpreting self, other people, and
events)
2. Affectivity (i.e.the range, intensity,
liability and appropriateness of
emotional response)
3. Interpersonal functioning
4. Impulse control
The pattern is stable and of long duration
and its onset can be traced back at least
to adolescence or early adulthood.
It is inflexible and pervasive across a
broad range of personal and social
situations and leads to clinically
significant distress or impairment in
social,
occupational
or
other
important areas of functioning.
Cluster A (detachment,  reward
dependence)
Schizoid
Paranoid
schizotypal
Cluster B (impulsivity,  novelty
seeking)
Borderline
Antisocial
Histrionic
Narcissistic
Cluster C (fearfulness,  harm
avoidance)
Avoidant
Dependent
Obsessive - compulsive
Personality disorders are
ego-syntonic and Alloplastic
Schizoid p.d
Social detachment and restricted
range of expressed emotions
Men> Women
7.5% of general population
may progress to delusional disorder or
schizophrenia
Paranoid p.d
Excessive suspiciousness and distrust of
others
Men > Women
0.5-2.5% in general population
may progress to delusional disorder
Schizotypal p.d.
Social and interpersonal deficit plus
cognitive and perceptual disturbances
and eccentric behavior
Sex. Ratio is unknown
3 percent of gen.pop
May progress to schizophrenia,
delusional disorder, brief psychotic
disorder
Borderline p.d
Instability of affects , self – image,
interpersonal relationships + marked
impulsiveness
Female > male
2 percent of g.p.
are at increased risk M.D.D , substance
abuse and eating disorder
Antisocial p.d
Disregard for and violation of rights of
others
Male > Female
1-3 percent of g.p.
Narcissistic p.d
Sense of grandiosity, need for admiration
lack of empathy, chronic intense envy
M>F
1% of g.p.
Histrionic p.d.
Self – dramatization , excessive
emotionality and attention seeking
F>M
2-3% of g.p.
Avoidant p.d
hypersensitivity to negative
evaluation, social inhibition
and feelings of inadequacy.
F=M
0.5-1 of g.p.
Dependent p.d
Excessive need to be taken care, clinging
behavior, submissiveness, fear of
separation, interpersonal dependency.
F=M
most frequent of p.d.s
Obsessive – compulsive p.d.
Preoccupation with orderliness,
perfectionism mental and interpersonal
control.
M>F
1% of g.p.
Treatment:
Psychotherapy
pharmacotherapy
Pharmacotherapy:
Aggression
Low dose antipsychotic
Lithium
SSRIS
Auticonvulsants
B-Blockers
Emotional liability
Lithium
antipsychotics
Depression
Antidepressants
Emotional detachment
Atipical antipsychotics
Anxiety
SSRIS
MAOIS
BZDs
B-Blockers
Low dose antipsychotics
Psychotic symptoms
Antipsychotics