Transcript Warm-up - SchoolRack

Please Pull Out Your Motivation and
Mechanisms Handout
Warm-Up
• Review your answers with your group for Part II:
• Learned Helplessness is a passive resignation
following recurring failure or punishment
– i.e. a rat forced to swim w/o escape will eventually stop
trying to escape.
– A child is consistently told that they are dumb will
eventually stop trying to learn.
• Self-Fulfilling Prophecy is when observations or
behavior result primarily from expectations.
– i.e. a teacher thinks that a student is smart and gives the
student extra attention. The student works harder.
(students behavior confirms the teachers beliefs)
Exam on Monday
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Exam FR Topics:
Pd 2 – Motivation and Emotion
Pd 3 – Sensation, Perception & Motivation
Pd 4B – Factors involved in Motivation
Stress and the Immune System
• A. Psychoneuroimmunology—This word was
coined by psychologist Robert Ader, who
began the study of the interaction of
psychological and physiological processes
that affect the body’s ability to defend itself
against disease.
• B. The perception of stress leads to the
suppression of the immune system.
• C. Stress is associated with susceptibility to
the common cold
• D. Stress is associated with slower wound
healing.
Step on the GAS (general adaptation syndrome)
• Despite the fact that there are many different types
of stressors to which an organism can respond, the
stress response itself follows a predictable pattern.
• Hans Selye (1976) called this pattern the general
adaptation syndrome (GAS).
– The first is the alarm reaction, in which the
sympathetic nervous system is suddenly activated by
the detection of the stressor.
– During the resistance phase, you cope with the
stressor, and the sympathetic nervous system remains
aroused to provide energy and protection against
illness.
– The final stage, exhaustion, occurs when the body’s
energy is depleted. During this stage, the organism’s
resistance to illness is diminished, and energy levels
are low.
Emotional, Cognitive, and
Behavioral Responses
• Stress is associated with emotional
(crying), cognitive (memory loss), and
behavioral responses (compulsive eating).
• Some responses do not affect functioning,
while others can severely disrupt normal
functioning.
The Game Of Life
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Choose 1 of
the following:
Living in a
country
experiencing
war
Living through
a major
earthquake
Losing your
home and
possessions
because of a
fire
Living near a
nuclear
disaster site
Having a close
relative die in
an accident
•
Choose 3 of the
following:
1. Death of a close
relative
2. Getting married
3. Losing a job
4. Having triplets
5. Living 2,000 miles
from family
6. Moving to a new
city
7. Developing a
serious illness
8. Buying an
expensive house
9. Getting a
promotion at work
10. Having a 2-hour
heavy traffic
commute every
day
11. Getting divorced
Choose 5 of the following:
1. Getting stuck in construction
traffic and being 3 hours late
getting home
2. Waiting in line at the post
office for 1 hour to mail in
your taxes
3. Having two exams the day
before your sister’s wedding
4. Locking your keys in the car
5. Forgetting your notes for a
presentation
6. Getting a speeding ticket
7. Losing your keys on the
morning of a big job
interview
8. Having a fight with your
roommate
9. Bouncing a check
10. Having to find a new
apartment
Warm-up
The Game of Life…
1. Take a look at the items you selected.
What effect would you expect them to
have on your health and well-being?
2. Would your health be affected differently
if these things happened at different
points in your life? How might you
respond differently if the event you chose
from Category I happened when you
were 8 years old instead of as an adult?
Model of Stress…
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•
Please look at your graphic organizer.
Keep In Mind - Cognitive appraisal of
the stress situation interacts with the
stressor and the physical, social, and
personal resources available for dealing
with the stressor. Individuals respond to
threats on various levels - physical,
behavioral, emotional, and cognitive.
Some responses are adaptive (good),
and others are maladaptive (bad) or
even lethal.
12-26 Rating
• 0-35 – low level of physical stress symptoms
– Little danger of developing a disorder
• 36-75 – average level of physical stress
symptoms
– Increased likelihood of developing a
psychophysiological disorder
• 76-140 – excessive physical stress
– Respondents should probably take deliberate action
to reduce their level of stress and thus ward off the
possibility of psychophysiological disorder
Traumatic Stressors
• Situations that threaten your own or
others’ physical safety, arousing feelings
of fear, horror, or helplessness.
• Catastrophe – Sudden, violent calamities,
including both natural disasters (2004
tsunami) and human-made tragedies such
as terrorist attacks and warfare.
– One’s response to a catastrophe can have
devastating effects on physical and mental
health (i.e. firefighters find themselves reliving
the events in nightmares and in daytime
flashbacks.
Complicated Research
• Ethical guidelines prevent psychologists
from recreating disastrous events in order
to study their effects on volunteer subjects.
• The only way to study these events is to
be on the scene after the catastrophe,
getting the story from the survivors while it
is fresh in their minds.
Five Stages to Deal with Catastrophes
1. Immediately after the event, victims
experience psychic numbness,
including shock and confusion, and for
moments to days cannot comprehend
what has happened.
2. During the phase of automatic action,
victims have little awareness of their own
experiences and later show poor recall for
what occurred. This phase is worsened
by a lack of preparedness, delaying
rescue and costing lives.
3. Communal effort, people pool resources
and collaborate, proud of their
accomplishments but also weary and
aware that they are using up precious
energy reserves. Without better planning,
many survivor lose hope and initiative for
rebuilding their lives.
4. Survivors may experience a letdown as,
depleted of energy, they comprehend and
feel the tragedy’s impact. Public interest
and media attention fade, and survivors
feel abandoned although the state of
emergency continues.
5. An extended final period of recovery
follows as survivors adapt to the changes
created by the disaster. The fabric of the
community will change as the natural and
business environments are altered. On
the national scale after 9/11, survivors
demanded to know how the attacks could
have happened in the first place –
reflecting a basic need to know “why?
And to find meaning in loss.
Why study stress?
• Stage theories of stress response are
useful because:
– We can anticipate what survivors will go
through.
– Allowing individuals to share stories make
individuals feel more understood and help
survivors work through their pain.
– When an event is especially surprising or
unpleasant, we are especially likely to
formulate explanations.
• People who undergo any type of trauma are
more susceptible to physical illness. However,
survivors who discuss their experiences in detail
with others suffer fewer health problems.
• Second-hand stress traumatization –
people who obsess with the media
coverage will often find themselves
experiencing symptoms of stress.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
PTSD
• The individual reexperiences mental and
physical responses that accompanied the
trauma.
• Nearly one adult in 12 in the US has
suffered PTSD at some time in his/her life.
– Symptoms can last up to 10 years.
• Most common: witnessing another person
being killed, living through a natural
disaster, surviving a life-threatening
accident.
• Gender Differences:
– Men – Physical, Military, being held captive
– Women – Rape, sexual molestation, physical
abuse, neglect during childhood.
Symptoms
• Distracted, disorganized, and experience
memory difficulties.
• Suffer psychic numbing to everyday events.
• Feel alienated from other people.
• Emotional Pain – problems sleeping, guilt,
startled response, feeling of betrayal by people
close to them, anger about having been
victimized, fear of being alone
• Biological – Brain may undergo physical
changes, hormone-regulating system may
develop hair-trigger responsiveness
Friedman & Rosenman
Type A – The Leader
• Tendency to accomplish
too many things in too
little time.
• Free-floating hostility
• Irritated by trivial things
• Exhibit signs of struggle
against time and other
people.
• Very independent, direct
and to the point.
• React to stressors with
larger increases in pulse
rate and blood pressure.
Type B – The Socializer
• relaxed and have a laidback attitude and posture.
• Friendly, accepting,
patient, at ease, and
generally content.
• tend to be trusting
• is able to lead and be led
• very important for the "B"
personality to be liked by
others and can be easily
hurt if they think someone
doesn't care for them.
Social Behaviors
A v. B
• As then to be more impatient with others and
become angry when other people hold them
back in any way.
• In general, Type As report feeling less
comfortable around others than do Type Bs.
• As prefer to work alone rather than as a team,
and they seem to resent being told what to do.
• As are more ready to do the opposite of what is
demanded of them.
Work Behaviors
A v. B
• As seem to work faster even when no
pressure or deadline is involved.
• As complain less about hard work and
report being less tired when it is finished.
• As do more poorly on tasks requiring
patience or careful, considered judgment.
• Most members of top management are Bs
not As.
12 Steps to Help Type As
1. Monitor your cynical thoughts
2. Confession is good for the soul (talk)
3. Stop those cynical thoughts. As soon as a cynical
thought enters your mind, tell yourself to “STOP!”
4. Reason with yourself.
5. Put yourself in the other person’s shoes.
6. Learn to laugh at yourself.
7. Learn to relax – meditation
8. Practice trust.
9. Learn to listen.
10.Learn to be assertive by calmly telling others what
is bothering you.
11.Pretend today is your last. Stop nitpicking.
12.Practice forgiving.
Hassles and Uplifts
• Lazarus suggested that the petty annoyances,
frustrations, and unpleasant surprises we
experience every day may add up to more grief
than life’s major stressful events.
• The counterparts to daily hassles are daily
uplifts: pleasant and satisfying experiences like
hearing good news, getting a good night’s sleep,
solving a difficult problem.
• Hassles may cause physical and psychological
changes that may result in illness. Uplifts may
serve as emotional buffers against those
disorders.
Common Young Person’s List
•
Hassles
– Troubling thoughts about the
future
– Not getting enough sleep
– Wasting time
– Inconsiderate people
– Physical appearance
– Too many things to do
– Misplacing or losing things
– Not enough time to do the
things you need to do
– Concerns about meeting high
standards
– Being alone
• Uplifts
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–
–
–
–
–
–
Completing a task.
Relating well with friends
Giving a present
Having fun
Getting love
Giving love
Being visited, phoned, or
sent a letter
– Laughing
– Entertainment
– Music
• Every time that you feel a hassle try to give yourself an
uplift!!!
Strategies To Deal With Stress
and To Promote Health
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Cognitive Strategies
Appraisal/Reappraisal
Ignore
Problem-Solve
Cognitive restructuring—Examine
underlying assumptions and automatic
thoughts associated with the problem,
use techniques such as “reframing” to
view the problem as more of a challenge
than threat.
Emotional Strategies
1. Cope with difficult emotions and apply
self-regulation.
2. Obtain emotional support and social
support, and have close, loving
relationships (Erikson).
3. Use imagery that generates pleasant
emotions.
Behavioral Strategies
1. Time management
2. Behavior modification
3. Relaxation training
4. Biofeedback—This is a person’s using information
about his or her biological state in order to learn
how to control it.
• It often involves electronically recording information
about changes in the person’s physiological state (e.g.,
muscle tension), providing informational feedback to the
person, and the person’s using that information to learn
ways to physically control that function (e.g., relax).
5. Meditation.
6. Avoiding the stressor
Physical Strategies
• A. Aerobic exercise—This is sustained
exercise that can increase cardiovascular
lung capacity and can help alleviate
depression and anxiety.
• B. Diet and nutrition—This is eating
balanced meals; making healthy choices.