Transcript File - Harpeth High School Health Science

Unlocking Medical Terminology
Second Edition
CHAPTER
9
The Endocrine
System
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Multimedia Directory
Slide 21
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 57
Slide 62
Slide 81
Endocrine System Animation
Diabetes Animation
Diabetes Mellitus Video
Hyperglycemia Animation
Hypoglycemia Animation
Perform a Blood Glucose Evaluation Video
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be
able to:
– Define and spell the word parts used to create
terms for the endocrine system
– Identify the major organs of the endocrine
system and describe their structure and
function
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Learning Objectives (cont.)
After completing this chapter, you will be
able to:
– Break down and define common medical
terms used for symptoms, diseases,
disorders, procedures, treatments, and
devices associated with the endocrine system
– Build medical terms from the word parts
associated with the endocrine system
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Learning Objectives (cont.)
After completing this chapter, you will be
able to:
– Pronounce and spell common medical terms
associated with the endocrine system
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
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The Endocrine System
• Works with nervous system to regulate
body functions
• Primary role is to achieve homeostasis
• A homeostatic imbalance often affects
overall health
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
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Prefixes
•
•
•
•
ad- = toward
anti- = against, opposing
endo- = within
ex-, exo- = outside, away from
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
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Prefixes (cont.)
• hyper- = excessive, abnormally high,
above
• hypo- = under, below normal
• para- = near, alongside, departure from
normal
• syn- = together, joined
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Bruce Wingerd
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Combining Forms
• acid/o = a solution or substance with a pH
less than 7
• acr/o = extremity
• aden/o = gland
• andr/o = male
• calc/i = calcium
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Bruce Wingerd
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Combining Forms (cont.)
•
•
•
•
cortic/o = tree bark, outer covering, cortex
crin/o = to secrete
dips/o = thirst
gluc/o = glucose, sugar, sweet
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Bruce Wingerd
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Combining Forms (cont.)
• glyc/o, glycos/o = glycogen (a storage
form of sugar), glucose, sugar, sweet
• hormon/o = to set in motion
• kal/i = potassium
• ket/o, keton/o = ketone bodies
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Combining Forms (cont.)
•
•
•
•
•
lob/o = a rounded part, lobe
myx/o = mucus
natr/o = sodium
ophthalm/o = eye
pancreat/o = sweetbread, pancreas
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Combining Forms (cont.)
•
•
•
•
ren/o = kidney
thyr/o = shield, thyroid
tox/o = poison
ur/o = urine
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Suffixes
•
•
•
•
•
-drome = run, running
-edema = swelling
-emia = condition of blood
-ism = condition or disease
-megaly = abnormally large
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Suffixes (cont.)
• -oid = resembling
• -osis = condition of
• -penia = abnormal reduction in number,
deficiency
• -plasia = shape, formation
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Anatomy and Physiology
• Endocrine system secretes chemicals
called hormones into the bloodstream
• Once the hormones contact a target cell,
the cell’s metabolism or protein synthesis
changes
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Figure 9.1 Endocrine glands secrete hormones
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Endocrine Glands
• Endocrine system consists of organs that
secrete hormones
• These organs are also called glands
• Endocrine glands are scattered throughout
the body
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Endocrine Glands (cont.)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Gonads
Pineal
Thymus
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Figure 9.2 The endocrine glands are distributed throughout the body
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The Endocrine System
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the endocrine system.
The animation may take a moment to begin playing.
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Pituitary Gland
• A pea-sized gland located below the brain
and connected to the hypothalamus
• Also called the hypophysis; “master gland”
• Consists of two lobes
– Anterior lobe
– Posterior lobe
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Figure 9.3 The pituitary gland
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Pineal Gland
• Located within center of brain
• Regulates body rhythms, including sleep
cycles
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Thyroid Gland
• Located in the anterior part of the neck
• Butterfly-shaped and wraps around the
larynx
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Parathyroid Glands
• Four pea-sized organs embedded within
the posterior side of the much larger
thyroid gland
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Adrenal Glands
• Located on top of each kidney
• Also called the suprarenals
• Each one includes a cortex, or outer part,
and a medulla, or inner part
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Pancreas
• Located behind the stomach
• Two functions
– Secretes hormones
– Secretes digestive enzymes
• Islet of Langerhans: Cell clusters that
produce hormones to regulate blood sugar
levels
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Thymus Gland
• Soft gland that shrinks in size after puberty
• Located above the heart
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Gonads
• Produce sex hormones and reproductive
cells, or gametes
• Testes: Male gonads
• Ovaries: Female gonads
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Word Roots
•
•
•
•
crin = to secrete
hormon = to set in motion
ren = kidney
thyr = shield, thyroid
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Symptoms and Signs
• Acidosis
– An abnormal accumulation of waste materials
that are acidic
– Often a symptom of diabetes mellitus
– May also be caused by respiratory or kidney
disorders
• Exophthalmos
– Abnormal protrusion of the eyes
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Figure 9.4 Exophthalmos Source: University of Illinois, Custom Medical
Stock Photo.
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Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
• Goiter
– Abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland
caused by
 a tumor
 lack of iodine in the diet
 infection
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Figure 9.5 Goiter Source: Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.
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Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
• Hypersecretion
– Abnormal increase in hormone production
– Often the result of an inherited disease or a
tumor
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Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
• Hyposecretion
– Abnormal decrease in hormone production
– Often occurs when an endocrine gland suffers
trauma due to an injury or infection
– May also be caused by an inherited disorder
or a tumor
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Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
• Ketosis
– Excessive amount of ketone bodies in the
blood and urine
– A symptom of an abnormal metabolism of
carbohydrates, as seen in uncontrolled
diabetes and starvation
– Also known as ketoacidosis
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Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
• Polydipsia
– Abnormal state of excessive thirst
• Polyuria
– Excretion of abnormally large volumes of urine
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Diseases and Disorders
• Acromegaly
– An enlargement of bone structure most
prominent in the face and hands
– Results in disfigurement
– Caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone
after puberty
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Figure 9.6 Acromegaly Source: Elsevier. © Dr. William H. Daughaday,
University of California/Irvine. American Journal of Medicine (20) 1956. With
permission of Excerpta Medica, Inc.
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Figure 9.6 (continued) Acromegaly Source: Elsevier. © Dr. William H.
Daughaday, University of California/Irvine. American Journal of Medicine (20)
1956. With permission of Excerpta Medica, Inc.
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Figure 9.6 (continued) Acromegaly Source: Elsevier. © Dr. William H.
Daughaday, University of California/Irvine. American Journal of Medicine (20)
1956. With permission of Excerpta Medica, Inc.
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Bruce Wingerd
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
• Addison’s disease
– Chronic syndrome caused by hyposecretion of
the adrenal cortex
– Characterized by




darkening of the skin
loss of appetite
mental depression
muscle weakness
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
• Adenitis
– Inflammation of a gland
• Adenosis
– Abnormal condition of a gland
• Adrenal virilism
– Excessive production of androgen
– Symptoms include masculinization
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
• Adrenalitis
– Inflammation of the adrenal gland
• Adrenocorticohyperplasia
– Abnormal development of the adrenal cortex
results in its excessive size and
hypersecretion of its hormones
• Adrenomegaly
– Abnormal enlargement of the adrenal glands
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
• Adrenopathy
– General disease of the adrenal gland
• Calcipenia
– Deficiency of calcium
– Also called hypocalcemia
• Cretinism
– Congenital hypothyroidism in children
– Results in reduced mental development and
dwarfed physical stature
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
• Cushing’s syndrome
– Syndrome that results from hypersecretion of
the adrenal cortex
– Characterized by




obesity
moon face
hyperglycemia
muscle weakness
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Figure 9.7 Cushing’s syndrome
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
• Diabetes insipidus
– Caused by hyposecretion of ADH by the
pituitary gland
– Symptoms include polydipsia and polyuria
– Abbreviated DI
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
• Diabetes mellitus
– Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
– Type 1 requires hormone replacement therapy
with insulin
– Type 2 can usually be managed with diet and
exercise programs
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Figure 9.8 Effects of diabetes mellitus
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Diabetes Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on diabetes.
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Diabetes Mellitus Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of diabetes mellitus.
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
• Endocrinopathy
– General disease of the endocrine system
• Hirsutism
– The presence of excessive body hair
– In women it is caused by the hypersecretion of
androgens by the adrenal cortex
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
• Hypercalcemia
– Abnormally high calcium levels in the blood
• Hyperglycemia
– Abnormally high glucose levels in the blood
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Hyperglycemia Animation
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
• Hyperinsulinism
– Excessive amounts of insulin in the blood
• Hyperkalemia
– Abnormally high potassium levels in the blood
• Hyperparathyroidism
– Hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands,
usually due to a tumor
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
• Hyperthyroidism
– Hypersecretion of the thyroid gland
– Characterized by




exophthalmos
goiter
rapid heart rate
weight loss
– Also called Graves’ disease or thyrotoxicosis
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Figure 9.9 Hyperthyroidism
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
• Hypocalcemia
– Abnormally low calcium levels in the blood
• Hypoglycemia
– Abnormally low blood sugar levels
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Hypoglycemia Animation
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
• Hypokalemia
– Abnormally low potassium levels in the blood
• Hyponatremia
– Abnormally low sodium levels in the blood
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
• Hypoparathyroidism
– Hyposecretion of the parathyroid gland
• Hypothyroidism
– Hyposecretion of the thyroid gland
– Characterized by




slow heart rate
dry skin
low energy
weight gain
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Figure 9.10 Hypothyroidism
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
• Myxedema
– Advanced hypothyroidism in adults
– Characterized by
 low energy
 swollen hands and face
 dry skin
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
• Pancreatitis
– Inflammation of the pancreas
• Parathyroidoma
– Tumor of the parathyroid gland
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
• Pituitary dwarfism
– Caused by hyposecretion of growth hormone
at an early age
– Slows growth and causes a short but
proportional stature
– Can be treated during childhood with growth
hormone therapy
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
• Pituitary gigantism
– Caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone
that begins before puberty
– Increased growth of bones produces a very
large stature
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Figure 9.11 Growth hormone disorders Source: Ewing Galloway, Inc.
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
• Tetany
– Caused by a deficiency of parathyroid
hormone
– Low calcium levels in the blood lead to
excitation of nerves and muscle spasms
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
• Thyrotoxicosis
– Condition that results from excessive thyroid
hormone levels
• Syndrome
– Disorder with an array of symptoms and
involves multiple organs
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Treatments, Procedures, and
Devices
• Adrenalectomy
– Surgical excision of the adrenal gland
• Endocrinologist
– Physician who specializes in the treatment of
endocrine disorders
• Endocrinology
– Study and treatment of endocrine disorders
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Treatments, Procedures, and
Devices (cont.)
• Fasting blood sugar
– Diagnostic test to determine blood sugar
levels following a 12-hour fast
– Extreme variation in blood sugar indicates
diabetes mellitus
– Abbreviated FBS
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Treatments, Procedures, and
Devices (cont.)
• Glucose tolerance test
– Diagnostic test to confirm diabetes mellitus
– Determines other abnormalities in glucose
metabolism
– Abbreviated GTT
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Treatments, Procedures, and
Devices (cont.)
• Hormone replacement therapy
– The use of a drug to correct a hormone
deficiency
– Abbreviated HRT
• Parathyroidectomy
– Surgical excision of one or more parathyroid
glands
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Treatments, Procedures, and
Devices (cont.)
• Postprandial blood sugar
– A measurement of blood sugar levels over two
hours after a meal
– Abbreviated PPBS
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Figure 9.12 Blood glucose measurement
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Figure 9.12 (continued) Blood glucose measurement
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Figure 9.12 (continued) Blood glucose measurement
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Perform a Blood Glucose
Evaluation Video
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Treatments, Procedures, and
Devices (cont.)
• Radioactive iodine uptake
– Measures thyroid function
– Abbreviated RAIU
• Radioiodine therapy
– The use of radioactive iodine to treat a
disease of the thyroid gland, such as a tumor
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Treatments, Procedures, and
Devices (cont.)
• Thyroid scan
– Records an image of the thyroid gland
following the oral administration of a labeled
substance, usually iodine
– Used to detect thyroid tumors
• Thyroidectomy
– Surgical excision of the thyroid gland
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Figure 9.13 Thyroid scan
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Figure 9.14 Thyroidectomy
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Treatments, Procedures, and
Devices (cont.)
• Thyroidotomy
– Incision into the thyroid gland
• Thyroparathyroidectomy
– Surgical excision of the thyroid and
parathyroid glands
• Thyroxine test
– Measures the amount of thyroxine in the blood
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Pharmaceuticals
•
•
•
•
•
•
Antithyroids
Corticosteroids
Human growth hormone therapy
Insulin therapy
Thyroid replacement therapy
Vasopressin
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Abbreviations
•
•
•
•
•
BS
Ca
DI
DM
FBS
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Abbreviations (cont.)
•
•
•
•
•
GTT
HRT
K
PPBS
RAIU
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Classroom Response System
Pretest
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What does the combining form
crin/o mean?
A.to move forward
B.to secrete
C.to excrete
D.to excise
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What does the combining form
crin/o mean?
A.to move forward
B.to secrete
C.to excrete
D.to excise
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What does the suffix -ia mean?
A.resemblance
B.condition of
C.disease state
D.without
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What does the suffix -ia mean?
A.resemblance
B.condition of
C.disease state
D.without
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What does the combining form
aden/o mean?
A.gland
B.muscle
C.mucus
D.mast cell
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What does the combining form
aden/o mean?
A.gland
B.muscle
C.mucus
D.mast cell
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What is a disease with an array of symptoms
that involves multiple organs?
A.polydrome
B.syndrome
C.cretinism
D.disease
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What is a disease with an array of symptoms
that involves multiple organs?
A.polydrome
B.syndrome
C.cretinism
D.disease
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What does the prefix ad- mean?
A.toward
B.additional
C.around
D.away
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What does the prefix ad- mean?
A.toward
B.additional
C.around
D.away
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What does the abbreviation HRT
mean?
A.hormone response therapy
B.hormone replacement therapy
C.heart response therapy
D.hormone rescue treatment
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What does the abbreviation HRT
mean?
A.hormone response therapy
B.hormone replacement therapy
C.heart response therapy
D.hormone rescue treatment
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What does the combining form
megal/o mean?
A.mucus
B.muscle
C.large
D.more
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What does the combining form
megal/o mean?
A.mucus
B.muscle
C.large
D.more
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What is the term for abnormal
protrusion of the eyes?
A.exophthalmos
B.hyperophthalmos
C.polyophthalmos
D.ophthalmology
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What is the term for abnormal
protrusion of the eyes?
A.exophthalmos
B.hyperophthalmos
C.polyophthalmos
D.ophthalmology
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What is the symptom condition
of many thirsts?
A.polyuria
B.polypharmacy
C.polydipsia
D.hirsutism
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What is the symptom condition
of many thirsts?
A.polyuria
B.polypharmacy
C.polydipsia
D.hirsutism
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What does the suffix -itis mean?
A.infection
B.eye
C.tumor
D.inflammation
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What does the suffix -itis mean?
A.infection
B.eye
C.tumor
D.inflammation
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Classroom Response System
Post-test
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What disease is a result of
resistance of body cells to insulin?
A.diabetes insipidus
B.diabetes mellitus
C.hypoglycemia
D.hyperglycemia
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What disease is a result of
resistance of body cells to insulin?
A.diabetes insipidus
B.diabetes mellitus
C.hypoglycemia
D.hyperglycemia
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What disease occurs when calcium levels in
the blood become abnormally high?
A.hyperglycemia
B.hypocalcemia
C.hypoglycemia
D.hypercalcemia
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What disease occurs when calcium levels in
the blood become abnormally high?
A.hyperglycemia
B.hypocalcemia
C.hypoglycemia
D.hypercalcemia
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What does the suffix -oid mean?
A.resemblance
B.disease
C.condition
D.study of
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What does the suffix -oid mean?
A.resemblance
B.disease
C.condition
D.study of
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What is the surgical removal of
the thyroid gland called?
A.thyroidectomy
B.thyroidotomy
C.thyroparathyroid
D.thyroidomas
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What is the surgical removal of
the thyroid gland called?
A.thyroidectomy
B.thyroidotomy
C.thyroparathyroid
D.thyroidomas
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What does the combining form
hormon/o mean?
A.to set in motion
B.to move quickly
C.to go forward
D.to accelerate
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What does the combining form
hormon/o mean?
A.to set in motion
B.to move quickly
C.to go forward
D.to accelerate
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What is the term that means
hairiness?
A.hirsutism
B.virilism
C.goiter
D.acromegaly
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What is the term that means
hairiness?
A.hirsutism
B.virilism
C.goiter
D.acromegaly
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What is the term for glandular
disease?
A.adenocarcinoma
B.adenoma
C.adenopathy
D.adenitis
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What is the term for glandular
disease?
A.adenocarcinoma
B.adenoma
C.adenopathy
D.adenitis
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What disease term means excessive
activity of one or more adrenal glands?
A.adenocarcinoma
B.hyperadrenalism
C.adenoma
D.hypercalcemia
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What disease term means excessive
activity of one or more adrenal glands?
A.adenocarcinoma
B.hyperadrenalism
C.adenoma
D.hypercalcemia
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What disease term means an abnormally low
amount of follicle-stimulating hormone and
luteinizing hormone?
A.hyperadrenalism
B.myxedema
C.pituitary dwarfism
D.hypogonadism
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What disease term means an abnormally low
amount of follicle-stimulating hormone and
luteinizing hormone?
A.hyperadrenalism
B.myxedema
C.pituitary dwarfism
D.hypogonadism
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What term means to secrete
within?
A.radioiodine
B.thyroxine
C.exocrine
D.endocrine
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What term means to secrete
within?
A.radioiodine
B.thyroxine
C.exocrine
D.endocrine
Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition
Bruce Wingerd
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.