Transcript EndocrineSystem

ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
BY:
DR. JAMALUDDIN BIN
HJ. MUHAMAD
PAKAR PERUNDING PEDIATRIK
HOSPITAL TUANKU FAUZIAH
KANGAR, PERLIS.
FUNCTION OF THE ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Water balance – controlling the solute
concentration of the blood.
Uterine contractions and milk release-delivery of
the newborn and breast milk flow
Growth, metabolism and tissue maturation-many
tissues, adult features.
Ion regulations-regulates Na+, K+ and Ca2+ in the
blood.
Heart rate and blood pressure regulation-for
physical activity.
Blood glucose control
Immune system regulations
Reproductive functions control
Hormones
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Defination: secreted by the endocrine glands
(ductless gland), its effect away from the
glands-target tissue.
Intracellular chemical signals transported in
the blood.
Receptors-membrane bound. intracellular
Hormone bound with the receptor to
produce effect.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
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-
Hormone – peptide / proteins
- steroids / lipid
Regulation of Hormone secretions some
times regulated by other hormones
Other hormones:
Prostaglandins inflamation
Erythroproeitin production
Human chronic gonadotophris (placenta)

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(i)
(ii)
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Hormones – protein, lipids or peptides
Protein / most peptide hormones bind to
receptor on the cell membrane cause
Permeability changes
Production of intracellular chemical signals
Lipid – soluble hormones
eg: steroid and thyroid hormone
Effect : enter the cell and bind to receptor
inside the cell
effects.
REGULATOR OF HORMON
SECRETION


(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Secretion of hormones is control by
negative – feedback mechanism
Secretion of hormones controlled by
Chemical
Other hormones
Nervous system
PITUITARY AND HYPOTHALAMUS
Pituitary – infundibulum – brain.
Anterior and posterior pituitary
 Section of hormones from anterior pituitary
controlled by hormones from hypothalamus
 Section of hormones from posterior pituitary
control by action potentions caried by axchy
from the hypothalamus.

Anterior pituitary :
 Growth hormone (GH)
 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
 Luteinizing hormone (LH)
 Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
 Prolactin
 Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMON :
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) oxytocin
GH :
Increase protein synthesis
Breakdown of lipids
Glucose level
Somatic growth
TSH :
T4, T3 secretions
ACTH :
glucocorticoid secretion eg: cortisol
skin pigmentation
MSH :
melanin production
LH :
Ovulation progesterone production;
testosterone production
FSH :
Follicle maturation and estrogen secretion in
ovary ; sperm production
PROLACTIN :
Stemulates milk production
ADH :
water reabsorption (regulation of blood
volume)
OXYTOCIN :
urine contraction
milk “let-down”
THYROID GLAND :
Thyroid hormones - thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3)
Function :
metabolic rates
Normal process of growth and maturation
CALCITONIN :
parafollicular cells
Function :
Ca2+ level (resulate Ca2+ level)
rate of bone breakdown
PARATHYROID GLANDS :
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
Function:
bone breakdown by osteoclasts
vitamin D synthesis
Ca2+ levels
ADRENAL :
i)
Medulla - epinephrine, norepinephrine
a. Epinephrine, norepinephrine :
- cardiac output
- blood flow to skeletal muscles, heart,
glucose in the blood,
fatty acids
# prepare body for physical activity
ii) Cortex - Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone),
glucocorticoids (cortisol) and androgens
a. Aldosterone:
- Na+ reabsorption & water retention
- H2O Excretion (blood concentration)
PANCREAS
Pancreas: insulin -
Islets of langerhans
glucose & amino acids
uptake in tissue (liver)
skeletal muscle,
adipose tissue
alpha cell
B cell
glycogen
insulin
b. Cortisol :
fat and protein breakdown
glucose (CHO metabolism)
- maintain blood pressure
- inhibit inflamation and immune response
c. Androgens :
female sexual drive, pubic hair and
axillary hair growth
Glucogen
glucogen breakdown
glucose level
Renin (pathway)
angiotensionogen
BP
Renin
angiotensin I
angiotensin II
Vasocontraction
BP
aldosterone secretion
Na+ retention
K+ excretion
H2O retention
Reproductive organs
Testes
Ovaries
Testosterone
- sperm cell production
- maintenance of
functional reproductive
organs, secondary sexual
characteritics
- male sex behavior
Estrogen &
- Uterine and mammary gland
progesterone
development & function
- external genitalia
- secondary sexual characteristic
- sexual behavior
- menstrual cycle
Thymus gland
Pineal body
thymosin - promotes immune
system
development and
function
melatonin - regulate the
onsent of puberty
Calcium Metabolism
Calcium level is maintain
If Ca2+
PTH secretion
calcitonin
secretion
breakdown of
bone maxtrix by
osteoclasts
breakdown of bone matrix
by osteoclasts
Ca2+ release
Ca2+ reabsorption in the kidneys
Ca2+ reabsorption from small intestine
(through Vit. D)
If Ca2+ level
stimulate parathyroid
gland
PTH secretions
calcitonin
secretion
breakdown
of bone matrix
breakdown of bone matrix by osteoclast
Ca2+ release
Ca2+ reabsorption by the kidneys
Vitamin D synthesis
Ca2+
Absorption from the small intestine
Regulation of Blood Glucose Level
glucose
pancreatic islets cells
insulin secretions
uptake of glucose by the
tissues
glucose
glycogen (skeletal muscle, liver)
glucose
adipose tissue
glucose level
glucose
pancreatic islets cell
insulin secretions
Insulin is an anabolic hormone