Transcript 12 Endocrine Disorders - Crestwood Local Schools

Endocrine Disorders
GIGANTISM
• Hyperfunction of pituitary – too much growth
hormone
• In preadolescent – overgrowth of long bones
leads to excessive tallness
These are pictures of the man
known as “The Alton Giant”,
Robert Wadlow.
ACROMEGALY
• Hyperfunction of pituitary – too much growth
hormone in adulthood
• Overdevelopment of bones in face, hands and
feet
• Attacks cartilage – so the chin protrudes, lips
nose and extremities enlarge
• Rx – drugs to inhibit growth hormone,
radiation

Richard Kiel
DWARFISM
• Hypofunction of pituitary in childhood
• Small size, but body proportions and intellect
are normal
• Sexual immaturity
• Rx – early diagnosis, injection of growth
hormone
Problems with the pituitary gland can
result in Dwarfism
HYPERTHYROIDISM
• Overactive thyroid gland
• Too much thyroxine secreted leading to
enlargement of gland
• People with this disease consume large
quantities of food but lose body fat and weight
• Most pronounced symptoms are enlargement
of gland (GOITER) and bulging of eyeballs
(EXOPHTHALMOS)
• Rx – total or partial removal of thyroid gland,
drugs to reduce thyroxine, radiation
Goiter
Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s
Disease)
HYPOTHYROIDISM
• Not enough thyroxine secreted
• May be due to lack of iodine (simple goiter)
• Major cause of other types is inflammation of
thyroid which destroys the ability of the gland
to make thyroxine
• Symps – dry and itchy skin, dry and brittle
hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night
Hypothyroidism
Before and After Treatment
Cretinism (hypothyroidism in
infants)
TETANY
• In hypoparathyroidism, decreased calcium
levels affect function of nerves
• Convulsive twitching develops, person dies of
spasms in the respiratory muscles
• Rx – Vitamin D, calcium and parathormone
CUSHING’S SYNDROME
• Hypersecretion of adrenal cortex
• May be caused by adrenal cortical tumor or
prolonged use of prednisone
• Symps – high blood pressure, muscle
weakness, obesity, poor healing, tendency to
bruise, hirsutism (excessive hair growth),
menstrual disorders
• Rounded moon face and buffalo hump
• Rx – surgical removal of tumor
Adrenal Gland Disorders
• Cushing’s syndrome
o
o
hypersecretion of cortisol
Round “moon” face and “buffalo
hump”
ADDISON’S DISEASE
• Hypofunction of
adrenal cortex
• Symps – bronzing of skin, hypoglycemia,
hypotension, etc.
• Rx – replace deficient hormones
• Addison’s disease
o
o
o
Hyposecretion of cortisol
Low blood pressure results
Increased pigmentation
Steroid Abuse in Sports
• Anabolic steroids (androgens) can help build
bigger, stronger muscles
• Risks far outweigh temporary improvements –
males have liver changes, atrophy of testicles,
breast enlargement, and cardiovascular
disease
• Female risks include amenorrhea, abnormal
placement of body hair, baldness, voice
changes
Diabetes Mellitus
Pancreas
• The pancreas is a large gland behind your
stomach that helps the body to maintain
healthy blood sugar (glucose) levels.
Contains islands of cells called the Islets of
Langerhans which secrete glucagon and
insulin
• Glucagon – stimulates the liver to break
down glycogen, raises blood sugar
concentration
• Insulin – decreases blood sugar
concentrations, affects the uptake of
glucose by cells
*Both hormones work
together to maintain a
balance in the blood sugar
Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus – results from an insulin
deficiency, blood sugar rises
(hypoglycemia) and excess is excreted in
the urine.
• Type I - insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus or juvenile onset diabetes, often
caused by inherited immune disorder that
destroys pancreatic cells
• Type II – mature onset diabetes (usually
after the age of 40), often individuals are
overweight, can be controlled with diet
and exercise
Blood sugar test, device
pricks the finger and
measures the amount of
sugar in the blood
Injection of insulin will lower
the blood sugar levels
Hypoglycemia can occur if
levels become too low, can
be cured with direct injection
of glucose or with eating
something high in sugar.
This is why diabetics often
have candy.