Transcript Human Anatomy & Physiology

Urinary System
Endocrine System
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
Urinary System
Anatomical structures
– Kidneys
– Adrenal glands
– Ureters
– Bladder
– Urethra
– CVA
• Costovertebral angle
• Kidney – gross anatomy
– Cortex
– Medulla
• Pyramids
• Papilla
– Hilum
– Pelvis
• Calyx
• Ureter
• Kidney – microanatomy
– Nephron
• Glomerulus
• Bowman’s capsule
• Proximal collecting tubule
• Henle’s loop
• Distal collecting tubule
• Collecting duct
Note:
cortex has everything
medulla has only:
loop of Henle
Collecting tubules
Functions of the kidney
1. Removes nitrogenous wastes
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Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine
Ammonia
2. Maintains homeostasis
– Fluid balance
– Electrolyte balance
– Acid-base balance
3. Excretory organ
– Via blood filtration & formation of urine
4. Regulation of blood pressure
– Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
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Urine formation
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Filtration
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Reabsorption
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Occurs in proximal
convoluted tubule
It takes things back
into blood
Secretion
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Occurs in renal
corpuscle
Occurs in distal
convoluted tubule
Blood gives things up
to the urine
Concentration
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Occurs in collecting
tubules
Terms reflective of urinary function
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Polyuria
Oligouria
Anuria
Hematuria
Pyuria
Nocturia
Dysuria
Urinary retention
Urinary incontinence
Pathology of the Urinary System
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Urethritis
Cystitis
Glomerulonephritis
Pyelonephritis
Renal calculus (stones)
Urine outflow obstruction
– Hydronephrosis
– Hydroureter
Endocrine System
2 kind of glands
1. Exocrine --- have ducts to lead secretions to where they going
2. Endocrine --- no ducts; secretions (hormones) into bloodstream
“official” Endocrine Glands
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Pineal
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroids
Thymus
Pancreas
Adrenals
Ovaries
Testes
• Concept:
– Many organs produce hormones (chemical messengers)
Endocrine glands in `mixed function' organs and in exclusive function glands.
Pineal Gland
• Located near roof of third ventricle just above the thalamus
• as one ages this gland becomes fibrous & calcifies
• called “third eye”
• because its secretion of melatonin is dependent on amount
of light one sees (less light; more melatonin)
• Melatonin’s actions:
» may inhibit anterior pituitary gonadotropins
» regulates the body’s internal clock
• Also secretes Serotonin
• serotonin levels effect depression
• serotonin is a neurotransmitter
Hypothalmus
• Two things it does relating to the endocrine system
– it makes the posterior pituitary hormones
» oxytocin (OT)
» antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
– it controls the anterior pituitary by means of hormones it makes
» Releasing Hormones
* exp = GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
» Inhibiting Hormones
• It also acts as a connector between the nervous & endocrine system
– For example, emotions originate there & stimulate the endocrine system
– emotions = hunger, sex, pain, pleasure, anger, fear
Pituitary Gland
• Also called hypophysis
– 2 parts: Anterior Pituitary (adenohypophysis)
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis)
• Anterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary
• TSH
* ADH (vasopressin)
• ACTH
* OT
• FSH
• LH
• GH
• PRL
KNOW THE NAMES & FUNCTIONS OF EACH HORMONE
• Key Point: the Posterior Pituitary is an extension of the
Hypothalmus
– Its two hormones are made in the hypothalmus and secreted
from the axon terminals in the posterior pituitary.
Diseases of the pituitary
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TSH
– hypersecretion = hyperthyroidism
– hyposecretion = hypothyroisism
ACTH
– hyposecretion = Addisonian synd.
– hypersecretion = Cushingoid synd
FSH
– hyposecretion
• F = low estrogen, amenorrhea
• M = poor sperm production
– hypersecretion
• F = menopause
LH
– hyposecretion
• F = no ovulation
• M = low testosterone
• GH
– hypersecretion
• during growth = giantism
• after growth = acromegaly
– hyposecretion = dwarfism
• PRL
– hypersecretion = galactorrhea,
infertility
– hyposecretion = poor milk production
• ADH
– hyposecretion = diabetes insipidus
Thyroid Gland
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3 hormones
• Thyroxine (T4) = more abundant than T3, but less potent
• Triiodothyronine (T3) = more potent than T4
• Calcitonin
• Thyroid hormones (T4 & T3)
– function is to increase the metabolic rate
– hyperthyoidism
• Grave’s disease = one type; inherited; get exopthalmos
– hypothyroidism
• cretinism = congenital type
• myxedema = adult type
• Hashimoto’s disease = autoimmune; chronic inflam.
produces fibrosis
• Calcitonin
– lowers serum calcium by preventing the bones from giving it
up
– works in harmony with the parathyroid & parathormone
Parathyroid Glands
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Normally 4 glands located on posterior surface of thyroid
• may have up to 8 glands
produces hormone: Parathormone (PTH)
– it increases calcium in blood by breaking down bone to release calcium
– it works in conjunction & opposite calcitonin
– hypersecretion = hypercalcemia (get hyperparathyroidism)
• symptoms = muscle weakness + SOUP
• Secondary Hyperparathyroidism more common
– Etiology = decrease serum calcium secondary to:
» Renal disease
» Cancer
» Endocrine diseases (Grave’s & Addison’s)
– hyposecretion = hypocalcemia ( get hypoparathyroidism)
» symptoms = tetany + hyperexcitible nervous system
» Commonest etiology = metastatic cancer to bone (gives increase in
serum calcium)
Thymus
• Located behind the manubrium
• prominent in the newborn; by age 21 it atrophies
• produces hormone: Thymosin
• it matures T- lymphocytes
– after they have been acted upon by the thymus,
they are sent for storage & future activation
» this occurs in the lymph nodes & spleen
Pancreas
• Pancreas is both endocrine & exocrine gland
– exocrine = digestive enzymes secreted via duct into duodenum
– endocrine located in Islets of Langerhans
• has 2 types of cells each producing its own hormone
– alpha cells produce glucagon
» it raises blood sugar by increasing liver glycogenolysis
– beta cells produce insulin
» it lowers blood sugar by escorting glucose into the cells
– lack or improper response to insulin gives diabetes mellitus
• Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus(IDDM) = Type I
– autoimmune; get decreased production of insulin
• Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus(NIDDM) = Type II
– get cellular insensitivity to insulin
Diabetes Mellitus
• As cells deprived of sugar, they begin to metabolize fats & proteins
• This process allows wastes(ketone bodies) to accumulate
• Etiology = autoimmune process triggered by an infection early in life
• Main systems affected:
» Vascular
» Renal
» Eye
• Symptoms = polyuria, polyphagia, & polydipsia
• Fruity odor to breath
• Complications
– Diabetic coma ---- lethargy, dry (dehydrated)
– Insulin shock ---- anxiety, sweating
Adrenal, Cortex & Medulla
Adrenal Cortex
• Has 3 distinct layers or zones
– from outside towards middle:
• secretes mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone)
• secretes glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
• secretes gonadocorticoids (sex steroids)
• Mineralcorticoids retain water + sodium & excrete potassium
– purpose = to maintain blood volume & electrolyte balance
• Glucocorticoids make glucose especially in times of prolonged stress
– this glucose made by increased metabolic breakdown of protein & fat
» Thus cortisol is catabolic, not anabolic
– also is anti-inflammatory
– also maintains blood pressure
Adrenal Medulla
• Produces 2 hormones
» Epinephrine (Adrenalin)
» Nor-epinephrine (Nor-Adrenalin)
• These very important during stressful situations
• They are under the control of the sympathetic nervous
system
– also known as the adrenergic nervous system
– deals with Fear, Flight, or Fight
» It produces excess epinephrine
Diseases of the Adrenal Cortex
– even though there are 3 different classes of hormones, most
diseases affect primarily the glucocorticoids
– Hypersecretion
• Cushing’s Disease (MOODIAH)
– Moon face; Obesity & edema from salt & water retention;
Osteoporosis; Diabetes; Infections; Atherosclerosis;
Hypertension
– Hyposecretion
• Addison’s Disease
– get hypotension, fatigue, weakness, & weight loss
– get dehydration & hyperkalemia* (from lack of
aldosterone)
– get bronze skin color & pigmentation
* This can become life threatening
The Gonads
Testes
• Secretes testosterone
• Produces sperm
Ovaries
• Secretes estrogen
• Secretes progesterone
• Produces mature ova
Male Reproductive System
• Scrotum
• Testes
– Seminiferous tubules
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Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Penis
• Urethra
• Glans penis
• Prepuce
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Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands
Semen
• Testis
– Seminiferous
tubules
– Hormones
produced
• Pathology
– BPH
• Benign prostatic
hypertrophy
– Testicular cancer
Female Reproductive System
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Vulva
Vagina
Vestibule
Labia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris
Bartholin’s glands
Perineum
Breasts
– Lactiferous ducts
– Areola & nipple
• Ovaries
• Fallopian tubes
• Uterus
– Fundus, corpus, cervix
• Menstrual cycle
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Menses
Proliferative phase
Ovulation
Secretory phase
• Breast
– Ducts
– Areola
– Nipple
• Pathology
– Cancer
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Breast
Uterus
Cervix
Ovarian
– Endometriosis
– PID
– PMS
STD’s
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causative agent
comments
Chlamydia
bacteria
most common, “silent” STD
Gonorrhea
bacteria
Penicillin resistant
At birth, Crede procedure is done to the baby’s eyes
Syphilis
bacteria
3 stages, penicillin treats it
Hepatitis B
virus
babies vaccinated at birth
Hepatitis C
virus
Herpes
virus
HPV (papilloma)
virus
warts, causes cervical ca
HIV
virus
use condoms, test frequency
Vaginitis
– Monilia
– BV
– Trichomonas
fungus
bacteria
protozoa
All these vaginal infections may
or may not be STD’s!!