Transcript AP Biology
AP Biology Endocrine Systems Signal Transduction Pathway Kinases “turn on” processes Phosphotases “turn off” processes Basic Hormone Pattern Example Pathway Low blood glucose Stimulus Receptor protein Endocrine cell Pancreas secretes glucagon ( ) Blood vessel Target effectors Response Liver Glycogen breakdown, glucose release into blood Simple endocrine pathway Remember the “hands” on cell membranes? (In GREEN) LE 45-7 Hypothalamus Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Axon Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary HORMONE TARGET ADH Kidney tubules Oxytocin Mammary glands, uterine muscles Cytokines IL 1 – Macrophage to Helper T IL2 – Helper T to B or Cytotoxic T SECRETORY CELL Polar versus Non-polar Hormone Signal Reception SECRETORY CELL Hormone molecule VIA BLOOD Hormone molecule VIA BLOOD Signal receptor TARGET CELL TARGET CELL Signal transduction pathway OR Signal receptor Cytoplasmic response DNA Signal transduction and response mRNA DNA NUCLEUS Nuclear response NUCLEUS Receptor in plasma membrane Synthesis of specific proteins Receptor in cell nucleus Hypothalamus Examples of Negative Feedback Loops TRH Anterior pituitary TSH Thyroid T3 T4 Positive Feedback Loop Tropic Hormones of the PosteriorPituitary Hypothalamus Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Axon Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary HORMONE TARGET ADH Kidney tubules Oxytocin Mammary glands, uterine muscles Tropic Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Tropic Effects Only FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone LH, luteinizing hormone TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Nontropic Effects Only Prolactin MSH, melanocyte-stimulating hormone Endorphin Portal vessels Nontropic and Tropic Effects Growth hormone Hypothalamic releasing hormones (red dots) Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary Pituitary hormones (blue dots) HORMONE FSH and LH TSH ACTH Prolactin MSH Endorphin TARGET Testes or ovaries Thyroid Adrenal cortex Mammary glands Melanocytes Pain receptors in the brain Growth hormone Liver Bones Organismal Development Part 1 Prokaryotes and Protists Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Cell wall Origin of replication Asexual – Binary Fission E. coli cell Chromosome replication begins. Soon thereafter, one copy of the origin moves rapidly toward the other end of the cell. Replication continues. One copy of the origin is now at each end of the cell. Replication finishes. The plasma membrane grows inward, and new cell wall is deposited. Two daughter cells result. Two copies of origin Origin Plasma membrane Bacterial chromosome Origin Asexual - Budding Platyhelminthes - Regeneration Cell wall Origin of replication Asexual – Binary Fission E. coli cell Chromosome replication begins. Soon thereafter, one copy of the origin moves rapidly toward the other end of the cell. Replication continues. One copy of the origin is now at each end of the cell. Replication finishes. The plasma membrane grows inward, and new cell wall is deposited. Two daughter cells result. Two copies of origin Origin Plasma membrane Bacterial chromosome Origin Transformation Bacterial Transduction Phage DNA A+ B+ A+ B+ Donor cell A+ Crossing over A+ A– B– Recipient cell A+ B– Recombinant cell Conjugation in Bacteria Sex pilus 5 µm Sexual Reproduction Cell Cycle with checkpoints (Is all going according to plan?) G2 followed by Mitosis Mitosis continued followed by cytokinesis Organismal Development Part 2 Fungus and Plants Lifestyles Based on Chromosomal Content Key Haploid Diploid n Gametes n Mitosis n MEIOSIS Haploid multicellular organism (gametophyte) n 2n Diploid multicellular organism Animals Zygote 2n Mitosis n n Spores n n Gametes FERTILIZATION MEIOSIS 2n Diploid multicellular organism (sporophyte) Mitosis n n Gametes MEIOSIS Mitosis Mitosis n n FERTILIZATION Haploid multicellular organism 2n Mitosis Plants and some algae Zygote FERTILIZATION 2n Zygote Most fungi and some protists n Sexual Reproduction in Fungus Lifestyles Based on Chromosomal Content Key Haploid Diploid n Gametes n Mitosis n MEIOSIS Haploid multicellular organism (gametophyte) n 2n Diploid multicellular organism Animals Zygote 2n Mitosis n n Spores n n Gametes FERTILIZATION MEIOSIS 2n Diploid multicellular organism (sporophyte) Mitosis n n Gametes MEIOSIS Mitosis Mitosis n n FERTILIZATION Haploid multicellular organism 2n Mitosis Plants and some algae Zygote FERTILIZATION 2n Zygote Most fungi and some protists n Alternation of Generations with released spores Alternation of Generations with retained spores Students planting tree fragments in the rainforest Plant Cutting in water to take root Plant Grafting . Just a few parenchyma cells from a carrot gave rise to this callus, a mass of undifferentiated cells. The callus differentiates into an entire plant, with leaves, stems, and roots. Apoptosis in Vascular Tissue - Xylem Organismal Development Part 3 Male Animals . Mitochondrion Intermembrane space Outer membrane Free ribosomes in the mitochondrial matrix Inner membrane Cristae Matrix Mitochondrial DNA 100 nm Phermones Earthworms are hermaphrodites Protogynous (Male is blue) External Fertilization Internal Fertilization required Spermatogenesis Epididymis Seminiferous tubule Testis Cross section of seminiferous tubule Spermatogonium Sertoli cell nucleus Mitotic division, producing large numbers of spermatogonia Differentiation and onset of meiosis I Primary spermatocyte (in prophase of meiosis I) Meiosis I completed Secondary spermatocyte Meiosis II Early spermatids Lumen of Seminiferous tubule Spermatids (at two stages of differentiation) Differentiation Neck Sperm cells Head Midpiece Tail Plasma membrane Acrosome Nucleus Mitochondria Secondary Sexual Characteristics Organismal Development Part 4 Female Animals Female Reproductive Anatomy Oviduct Ovaries Follicles Corpus luteum Uterus Uterine wall Endometrium Cervix Vagina Oogenesis in the ovaries Ovary Primary germ cell in embryo Differentiation Oogonium in ovary Oogonium Mitotic division Primary oocyte within follicle Primary oocyte Completion of meiosis I and onset of meiosis II First polar body Growing follicle Secondary oocyte Ovulation Entry of sperm triggers completion of meiosis II Second polar body Mature follicle Ruptured follicle Ovum Ovulated secondary oocyte Corpus luteum Degenerating corpus luteum Control by hypothalamus Inhibited by combination of estrogen and progesterone Hypothalamus Female Reproductive Cycle in Humans Stimulated by high levels of estrogen GnRH Anterior pituitary FSH Inhibited by low levels of estrogen LH Pituitary gonadotropins in blood LH FSH FSH and LH stimulate follicle to grow LH surge triggers ovulation Ovarian cycle Growing follicle Corpus luteum Mature follicle Follicular phase Ovulation Degenerating corpus luteum Luteal phase Progesterone and estrogen secreted by corpus luteum Estrogen secreted by growing follicle in increasing amounts Ovarian hormones in blood Peak causes LH surge Progesterone Estrogen Estrogen level very low Progesterone and estrogen promote thickening of endometrium Uterine (menstrual) cycle Endometrium Days Menstrual flow phase 0 5 Proliferative phase 10 Secretory phase 14 15 20 25 28 Fertilization and Implantation if pregnancy occurs Cleavage starts Cleavage continues Ovary Fertilization occurs The blastocyst implants Uterus Ovulation Endometrium From ovulation to implantation Organismal Development Part 5 Embryology Cytoplasmic Determinants Apoptosis in the hand Failed Apoptosis with toes Acrosomal Reaction Cleavage Morula, Blastula, Gastrula Animal vs Vegetal Poles of a Blastula Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm Embryo Placenta & Amnion Birth Convergent Extension Apical Ectodermal Ridges