Transcript Energy and Power - Effingham County Schools

Energy
An Introduction
Energy
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Learning Standard
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ENGR-EP-1. Students will utilize the ideas of energy, work,
power, and force to explain how systems convert, control,
transmit, and/or store energy and power
Energy
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Concepts
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Identify types of energy surrounding us
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Differentiate among renewable, nonrenewable, and exhaustible
energy sources
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Explain the difference between potential and kinetic energy
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Name and describe the six forms of energy
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Describe the history of energy consumption in the U.S.
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Name various sectors of society associated with energy
consumption
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Summarize the present energy consumption trends in the U.S.
and worldwide
Energy
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Concepts
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Discuss the concept of efficiency
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Define the law of entropy
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Recognize various factors that influence the exploration and
development of different energy resources
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Give examples of reasons for growth in the demand for energy
and power
Energy
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Vocabulary
Acid Rain
British Thermal Unit (Btu)
Chemical Energy
Efficiency
Electrical Energy
Embargo
Energy Conservation
Energy Consumption
Energy Conversion
Entropy
Global Warming
Greenhouse Effect
Heat Energy
Heating Unit
Inexhaustible Energy Source
Kinetic Energy
Light Energy
Mechanical Energy
Nonrenewable Energy Source
Nuclear Energy
Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Potential Energy
Quad
Renewable Energy
Energy
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Energy
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Energy is defined as the ability to do work
Energy
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Energy
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3 Classifications of Energy
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Renewable Energy Resources
Nonrenewable Energy Resources
Inexhaustible Energy Resources
Energy
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Renewable Energy Resources
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Renewable energy resources are those resources that can be
replaced when needed. They can be harvested and regenerated
in a relatively short period of time
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Food
Wood
Cornstalks
Sugarcane
Energy
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Nonrenewable Energy Resources
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Nonrenewable energy resources are those resources that cannot
be replaced once used. Can take hundreds of thousands of years
to produce these resources
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Fossil Fuels
Uranium
Energy
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Inexhaustible Energy Resources
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Inexhaustible energy resources are those resources that will
never run out (will last for millions of years)
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Sun
Water
Wind
Tidal/Wave Motion
Energy
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Types of Energy
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All energy can be classified in to two types
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Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Energy
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Types of Energy
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Potential energy is energy that is stored and ready for use
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Gasoline in a tank
Water behind a hydroelectric dam
Rollercoaster at the top of the lift
Drawn bow
Energy
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Types of Energy
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Kinetic energy is often defined as energy that is in motion
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Burning gasoline in an engine
Water turning an turbine
Rollercoaster falling
Arrow being shot
Energy
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Forms of Energy
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There are six forms of energy
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Light Energy
Heat Energy
Mechanical Energy
Chemical Energy
Electrical Energy
Nuclear Energy
Energy
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Forms of Energy
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Light energy is energy that is visible to the eye. It represents a
very small portion of all radiant energy, which collectively is
known as the electromagnetic spectrum
Energy
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Forms of Energy
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Heat energy, also referred to as infrared energy, has a longer
wavelength that light energy. This longer wavelength does not
allow heat to pass through certain materials, like glass, as
readily as light energy does. Heart energy is generally not visible
to the eye, but it can be measured in terms of temperature
Energy
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Forms of Energy
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Mechanical energy is energy produced by mechanical devices,
such as gears, pulleys, levers, or more complex devices, like
internal combustion engines
Energy
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Forms of Energy
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Chemical Energy is the term used to describe the potential
energy locked within a substance. For instance, 50 lbs. of red
oak might be capable of producing the same amount of heat
energy as 15 lbs. of high-grade coal or 2 gallon of refined heating
oil
Energy
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Forms of Energy
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Electrical energy is the energy associated with the flow of
electrons. Electricity is used extensively in contemporary society
to power the majority of our convenience appliances
Energy
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Forms of Energy
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Nuclear energy is the term associated with the power of the
atom. It was initially harnessed during the 1940s. The initial use
of nuclear energy was for war, but with the conclusion of World
War II, peacetime uses for nuclear energy, such as power
generation, emerged
Energy
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Measuring Energy
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The most basic unit of energy is known as the British thermal
unit (Btu). This is a small amount of energy:
1 Btu = One wood-stem match burning completely
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The Btu is an often-referenced energy unit because all forms of
energy can be related to the amount of Btu they produce
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In energy for structural heating: One heating unit is equal to
100,000 Btu of energy
Energy
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Energy Consumption
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When measuring energy consumption, or the use of energy
resources, of a large city, country, or continent, we measure this
in the Quad.
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A quad is equal to 1 quadrillion Btu of energy, or:
1 Quad = 1.0 x 1015 Btu = 1,000,000,000,000,000 Btu
Energy
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Energy Consumption (U.S. History)
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Energy sources in early America primarily consisted of wind,
water, and wood
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Factories were constructed near flowing water or falling water
converting it to mechanical energy
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Farmers used the wind to create mechanical power to pump
water and grind grain
Energy
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Energy Consumption (U.S. History)
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1800’s saw the invention of the steam engine which gave rise to
the steam locomotive and the steamship
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Coal replaced wood as the main energy source
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Approx. the same amount of energy is produced by 15 lbs. of
coal and 20-50 lbs. of wood
Energy
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Energy Consumption (U.S. History)
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By 1900 the internal combustion engine had been perfected,
which was being used to power the first automobile
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Pound for pound, gasoline contains more energy that coal
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When it comes to gasoline and oil, there have been times when
the supply of energy has not met the demand here in the U.S.
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We have come to rely on other countries to meet this demand
Energy
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Energy Consumption (U.S. History)
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OPEC (Organization of Exporting Countries)
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Consists of 12 Countries (Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran,
Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United
Arab Emirates, and Venezuela)
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OPEC members collectively hold 79% of world crude oil
reserves and 44% of the world’s crude oil production
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In 1973, OPEC penalized the U.S. for it’s oil consumption
by creating an oil embargo against the U.S. Restricting the
trade of oil to the U.S. forces the government and car
manufacturers to produce more economical (4-cylinder)
vehicles, which started the energy conservation movement
here in the U.S.
Energy
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Energy Consumption (U.S. History)
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In the 1980’s, the U.S. shifted from an industrial society to a
service society. This shift helped to create the personal
computer and usher in the information age.
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The majority of energy now consumed in the U.S. is done so by
the industrial and transportation sectors
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Many start up companies in the information age have focused
on alternative energies
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Even so, fossil fuels are anticipated to remain the dominant
sources of energies here in the U.S. for the foreseeable future
Energy
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Energy Consumption (U.S. History)
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According to the Energy Information Administration of the U.S.
Department of Energy (DOE), world energy consumption will
increase by over 50% by 2025
Energy
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Energy Conversion
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Energy conversion is the changing of one form of energy into
another
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Technological advances, such as the development of the electric
motor, the home heating, and solar collectors, allow for energy
conversion
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Electric motor: Converts electrical energy into mechanical energy
Furnace: Converts potential energy (fuel) into kinetic energy (heat)
Solar collector: Converts sunlight into heat
Energy
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Energy Conversion
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Efficiency is a term used to measure the extent to which an
energy form is usually converted to another form of energy
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Combustion engines have an efficiency rating of 27% - 40%
Heating furnaces have an efficiency rating of up to 90%
Improving the efficiency of energy conversions devices, such as
engines, furnaces, and generators, is one primary way to
improve energy and power technologies
Energy
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Energy Conversion
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Entropy is a measure of the unavailable energy in a closed
system
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The law of entropy states that whenever an energy form is converted
from one form to another, some loss will occur; mostly as heat
Energy
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Energy Conversion
Energy
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Energy and the Environment
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The consumption of fossil fuels leads to environmental
problems, such as acid rain and the greenhouse effect, which
leads to global warming
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As the consumption of fossil fuels increase over the next 15 – 20
years, we will also see an increase in the effects from acid rain
and the greenhouse effect
Energy
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Energy and the Environment
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Conservation and recycling are just two ways of combating the
increase of these effects
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If each school recycles 1 ton of paper it will save the following:
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6,953 gallons of water
463 gallons of oil
587 lbs. of air pollution
4,077 kWh of electricity
The U.S. produces 9,190 million tons of office paper annually