Transcript Skeletal System

Skeletal System
Parietal Bone
Cranium Bones
Parietal Bone
Frontal Bone
Occipital Bone
Temporal
Bone
Clavicle or Collarbone
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clavicle, or collar
bone, holds the
shoulder joint away
from the rest of the
upper body and is only
as thick as your little
finger. It is also
called collarbone.
Scapula
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scapula is located
on the back side of the
ribcage and helps
provide part of the
shoulder joint and
movement for the
arms.
Vertebral Column or Spinal Cord
1) The cervical region (neck
bones)
2) The thorasic region (what the
ribs attach to)
3) The lumbar region (the lower
part of the back)
Humerus (Upper Arm Bone)
Humerus
► Humerus
is the largest and longest bone of
the upper arm.
► Ulna is the longer, medial bone of the
forearm.
► Radius is the shorter , lateral bone of the
forearm.
Radius and Ulna
► Radius
► Ulna
on Top
on Bottom
Carpals or (Wrist Bones)
Metacarpals (Top of Hands)
The palm of the hand is made up of the five metacarpal
bones. These are small, long bones, each with a base, a
shaft, and a head.
Phalanges (Little Fingers)
Each finger, except the thumb, has three phalanges: a
proximal, a midle, and a terminal or distal phalanx.
The thumb has only a proximal and distal phalanx.
The ribs
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There are 12 pairs of ribs, which are named according to
their anterior attachments. Because the upper seven pairs
articulate directly with sternum, they are called true ribs.
The lower five pairs are called false ribs.
Because the 11th and 12th pairs of ribs have no cartilage
and do not attach at all anteriorly, these “false ribs” have
another name , floating ribs.
All ribs attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae.
Sternum (Breastbone)
The sternum, or breastbone, is a long, flat, bony plate that forms the
most anterior section of the rib cage. The primary function of
the sternum is the protection of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels from
physical damage
Pelvis (Dancing Bone)
The ring made by the pelvic girdle functions as the birth
canal in females. The pelvis provides attachment for muscles
that balance and support the trunk and move the legs, the
hips, and the trunk. It is usually wider and broader in females
and smaller and narrower in males.
Femur or thigh
(Largest and heaviest Bone in the Body)
It functions in supporting the weight of the body and
allowing motion of the leg
The Tibia and Fibula
The tibia is the larger of the two bonesforming the lower leg. It is
also known as the shinbone.
The fibula, is also known as the calf bone.It lies parallel with and on
the lateral side of the tibia.
Tarsals
The bones of ankle are known as the tarsal bones.
The short tarsal bones resemble the carpal bones of the wrist but are
larger. They are arranged in the hind foot and forefoot.
They function as a strong weight-bearing platform. The calcaneus, or
heel bone, is the largest tarsal and forms the prominence at the back of
the foot.
Metatarsals
The metatarsal bones are connected to the bones of the toe, or
phalanges. Metatarsals are convex in shape (arch upward), are
long bones, and give the foot its arch. They work with connective
tissues, ligaments and tendons, to provide movement in the foot.
Phalanges
The phalanges of the toes are classified as long bones despite their
short length because again they have a base, shaft, and head. They
have the same arrangement as the phalanges of the fingers. There
are two phalanges in the great toe, proximal and distal.
Calcaneous or heel bone
Abnormal curvantures of the
spine
► Kyphosis
► Lordosis
► Scoliosis
kyphosis
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excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the
back.
Causes :aging, especially if you have poor posture.
muscle weakness in the upper back. arthritis or other bone
degeneration diseases.
osteoporosis, the loss of bone strength due to age.
injury to the spine.
Diagnosis: is defined as a curvature of the spine measuring 50 degrees
or greater on an X-ray, a diagnostic test that uses invisible
electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues,
bones and organs onto film. The normal spine can bend from 20 to 45
degrees of curvature in the upper back area.
Treatment :Non-surgical treatments, such as pain medication,
exercise and physical therapy are typically helpful treatments for
pain. Surgery may be an option, but is uncommon for this diagnosis
Lordosis
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excessive inward curvature of the spine.
Causes :trauma to the lower back.
poor posture from sitting or lifting heavy things.
obesity, as excess weight negatively affects posture.
inflammation of the space between your vertebra.
osteoporosis, or loss of bone density.
Diagnosis : complete medical history of the child will be
studied, physical examination, and diagnostic tests, Xray,CT scan, Bone scan, MRI scan
Treatment:If the lordosis is mild, then treatment is usually
not required. physical therapy program, Medications
Scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
► Causes : a genetic condition that causes muscle weakness.
a condition that affects the brain and nerves and occurs
during or shortly after birth.
► Diagnosis :Scoliosis can usually be diagnosed after a
physical examination of the spine, ribs, hips and shoulders.
You may be asked to bend forward to see if any areas are
particularly prominent. For example, one of your shoulders
may be higher than the other or there may be a bulge in
your back. X-Ray, CT scans, or MRIs.
► Treatment : scoliosis can be treated with observation,
bracing, or surgery
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Osteoporosis
Condition where bones become fragile and
brittle.
► Causes: pores form due to calcium
deficiency, low amounts of estrogen, and
vitamin deficiency(aging/hormonal changes)
► Diagnosis: DEXA (more accurate) and x-ray
► Treatment: bisphosphonates and hormonebased medication, exercise, calcium and
vitamin D consumption, reducing use of
alcohol and nicotine
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Osteoporosis
Gigantism
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is an abnormal growth of bones,
especially in children.
► Causes: excess amount of growth hormones
produced by pituitary gland, tumor in the
pituitary gland (Pituitary Adenoma), or
genetics.
Diagnosis of Gigantism
► Diagnosis:
blood test, oral glucose test (to
test the amount of growth hormone; in a
normal body growth hormone level will drop
after eating or drinking glucose), MRI
scanning of the pituitary gland is used to
scan to see the size and position of the
tumor.
Treatment of Gigantism
► Treatment:
Surgery, medication to shrink of
stop tumor, radiation, gamma knife radio
surgery; these beams don’t harm the
surrounding tissue but are able to deliver a
powerful dose of radiation at the point of
tumor.
Cleft Palate/ Lip
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Facial and oral malformation that occur very early in
pregnancy while the baby is developing inside the mother
(occurs in the roof of the mouth)
Causes: occurs when there is not enough tissue in the roof
of the mouth and lips area (due to genetic and
environmental factors: consumption of alcohol and
medication during pregnancy).
Diagnosis: difficulty in eating, drinking, speaking, testing
via ultrasound in the womb
Treatment: surgery and braces
Acromegaly
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Is the abnormal growth of hands, feet, and face bones
during adulthood caused by the excessive production of
GH.
Causes: Too much growth hormones (GH) in the body.
Pituitary gland tumor ( pituitary adenoma)
Diagnosis: GH measurement, GH supression test and
imaging. Increased of GH in the blood after fasting
indicates acromegaly.High levels of GH after consuming
glucose, which usually suppresses GH markers, MRI.
Treatment:Surgery, radiation therapy on the pituitary
gland, medication. Some patients may benefit from a
combination of these medicines.
Fractured clavicle
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a break in the collarbone. It happens in
5% of adult fractures. Most clavicle
fractures occur when a fall onto the
shoulder or an outstretched arm puts
enough pressure on the bone that is snaps
or breaks.
► Causes: By a direct blow to the shoulder. In
a baby, it can occur during the passage
through the birth canal.
Fractured clavicle diagnosis
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ask for a brief history , physical
exam also will be conducted, testing of the
arm nerves, testing lungs, X-Ray of the
clavicle, CT scan in rare cases, use of
ultrasound in children.
► Treatment: Surgery , Non surgery
treatments include: arm support,
medication, physical therapy
The Connectors of the Body
► Ligaments:
Connect
bone to bone
The Connectors of the Body!!
► Tendon:
Attaches muscles to bones
The Connectors of the Body
► Cartilage:
It acts as a cushion between
bones at a joint and protects the bones.