Transcript Chapter 28b
The Female Reproductive System The Female Reproductive System The Female Reproductive System Main Topics Ovaries Uterine (fallopian) Tubes Uterus Vagina Vulva (pudendum) Mammary Glands (breasts) Ovaries Overview Connective Tissue Components Oogenesis & Folliculogenesis Uterine (fallopian) Tubes Overview Gross Anatomy Histology Uterus Overview Functions of the Uterus Gross Anatomy Supporting Ligaments Histology Vagina Overview Gross Anatomy Histology Vulva (pudendum) Mons Pubis Labia Majora Labia Minora Clitoris Vestibule Overview Mammary Glands (breasts) Overview Surface Anatomy Internal Framework Functional Unit Ducts Ovaries Connective Tissue Components Oogenesis & Folliculogenesis Ovaries Connective Tissue Components Supporting ligaments - anchor the ovaries ovarian ligament - attaches the ovary to the uterus suspensory ligament - attaches the ovary to the pelvic wall broad ligament - attaches the ovary to the uterus and uterine tube Internal framework tunica albuginea - dense, irregular fibrous capsule of the ovary cortex - outer region where germ cells develop medulla - occupied by the major arteries and veins Ovaries Connective Tissue Components Ovaries Internal Framework Ovaries Oogenesis the production of the egg accomplished by cyclic changes in hormone secretions female germ cells differentiate into oogonia by age 6 months, all oogonia transform into primary oocytes which have reached early meiosis I remain so until puberty Ovaries Folliculogenesis Folliculogenesis - the development of the follicle Ovarian follicles - lie in the cortex contain oocytes in various stages of egg production Ovaries Folliculogenesis primordial follicle primary follicle secondary follicle tertiary follicle mature (graafian) follicle Primordial Follicle primordial follicle primary oocyte (in early meiosis), surrounded by follicular cells and a basement membrane; concentrated in the cortex primary oocyte - diploid cell developed from oogonia follicular cells - single layer of squamous cells that surround the primary oocyte Primary Follicle primary follicle developing primordial follicle consists of: the enlarging primary oocyte single layer of cuboidal follicular cells begins developing after puberty Secondary Follicles secondary follicles consists of even larger oocyte clear glycoprotein gel (zona pellucida) two or more layers of stratified follicular cells (granulosa cells) surrounding the oocyte granulosa cells - two or more layers of follicular cells that surround the primary oocyte zona pellucida - clear glycoprotein layer between the primary oocyte and granulosa cells theca folliculi - connective tissue thickening surrounding the follicle Tertiary Follicles tertiary follicles - characterized by the fluid-filled cavity of the follicle antrum - follicular fluid-filled cavity; produced by the secretions of the granulosa cells cumulus oophorus - mound of granulosa cells; covers the oocyte; secures the oocyte to the follicular wall corona radiata - first layer of granulosa cells attached to the zona pellucida; send cytoplasmic processes to the theca folliculi - differentiates into the theca oocyte interna and theca externa assures that everything theca interna - vascular internal layer; consists of from the bloodstream must secretory cells pass through the corona cells to get to the oocyte theca externa - outer connective tissue layer Mature Follicle mature follicle (Graafian follicle) contains the secondary oocyte as ovulation approaches: the cumulus oophorus constricts oocyte becomes attached to the wall by a only thin thread eventually floats free Uterine (fallopian) Tubes General Information 4” long tubes that extend laterally from the superior lateral angle of the uterus transport secondary oocytes and zygotes from the ovaries to the uterus lie within the broad ligament Gross Anatomy Histology Uterine (fallopian) Tubes Gross Anatomy Infundibulum - open, funnel-shaped portion near the ovary fimbriae (sing: fimbria) - finger-like projections of the infundibulum movement creates a current that sweeps the ovulated secondary oocyte into the tube Uterine (fallopian) Tubes Gross Anatomy Ampulla widest and longest portion two-thirds of the uterine tube length fertilization usually occurs here Uterine (fallopian) Tubes Gross Anatomy Isthmus short, medial third narrow portion of the oviduct connects to the uterus Uterine (fallopian) Tubes Histology Mucosa - internal layer lying next to the lumen ciliated columnar epithelium - help move the fertilized ovum or secondary oocyte along the tube secretory cells - contain microvilli which provides nutrition for the ovum Muscularis - double-layer (inner circular; outer longitudinal) of smooth muscle; peristaltic waves move the ovum down the tube Serosa - outer serous membrane (visceral peritoneum) Uterine Tube Secretory Cells Uterus Functions of the Uterus Gross Anatomy Supporting Ligaments Histology Uterus Functions Pathway for sperm to reach the uterine tubes Site of menstruation Site of fertilized ovum implantation Site of fetal development Uterus Gross Anatomy Fundus dome-shaped portion superior to the uterine tubes contains the thickest myometrium Uterus Gross Anatomy Body - major central portion; tapers from the fundus to the cervix; contains the uterine cavity uterine cavity - the lumen of the uterine body; continuous with the cervical canal through the internal os Uterus Gross Anatomy Cervix - inferior, narrow portion opening into the vagina; contains the cervical canal cervical canal - narrow interior passageway within the cervix; connects the uterine cavity with the vagina internal os - opening of the cervical canal into the uterine cavity external os - opening of the cervical canal into the vagina Uterus Supporting Ligaments Broad ligaments (right/left) Uterosacral ligaments (right/left) attaches the uterus to the pelvic wall attaches the uterus to the sacrum Round ligaments (right/left) attaches the uterus to the labia majora Uterus Histology Perimetrium (serosa; visceral peritoneum) outer layer consists of simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue Uterus Histology Myometrium - middle layer; forms bulk of the uterine wall; consists of three layers of smooth muscle fibers; thickest in the fundus, thinnest in the cervix under the influence of oxytocin (produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland); helps expel the fetus from the body of the uterus Uterus Histology Endometrium - inner layer; highly vascularized; consists of simple columnar epithelium (ciliated and secretory) that lines the lumen; divided into two layers: stratum functionalis, stratum basalis stratum functionalis (functional layer) - lies closest to the uterine cavity; shed during menstruation stratum básalis (basal layer) permanent layer; gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation Vagina General Information 4” tubular, fibromuscular passageway for the menstrual flow and childbirth receives semen from the penis Gross Anatomy Histology Vagina Gross Anatomy Fornix recess that surrounds the vaginal attachment to the cervix Vaginal orifice vaginal opening to the exterior Vagina Histology Mucosa Muscularis nonkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium and areolar tissue outer circular and inner longitudinal smooth muscle layer Adventitia superficial layer of areolar connective tissue that anchors the vagina to surrounding tissues Vulva (pudendum) External Genitalia Mons Pubis Labia Majora Labia Minora Clitoris Vestibule Vulva Mons Pubis elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and coarse pubic hair cushions the pubic symphysis Vulva Labia Majora two longitudinal folds of skin homologous to the scrotom contain adipose tissue sebaceous glands, and apocrine sudoriferous glands Vulva Labia Minora - two smaller longitudinal folds of skin medial to the labia majora; contain many sebaceous glands Vulva Clitoris - small, cylindrical mass of erectile tissue and nerves; homologous to the penis Prepuce - layer of skin covering the clitoris Glans - exposed portion of the clitoris; like the penis, capable of enlargement upon tactile stimulation Vulva Vestibule - region between the labia minora Vaginal orifice vaginal opening to the exterior External urethral orifice - urethral opening to the exterior Mammary Glands (breasts) General Information - - modified sudoriferous sweat glands that produce milk Surface Anatomy Internal Framework Functional Unit Ducts Mammary Glands Surface Anatomy Nipple pigmented projection contains series of closely spaced openings of the lactiferous ducts Areola circular pigmented area of skin surrounding the nipple Mammary Glands Internal Framework Suspensory ligaments of the breast (Cooper’s ligaments) strands of connective tissue that run between the skin and deep fascia (which attaches to the pectoralis major muscle & serratus anterior muscle) support the breast tissue Lobes - 15-20 compartments within the breast separated by adipose tissue lobules - smaller compartments within the lobe; consist of milk-secreting glands (alveoli) Mammary Glands Functional Unit Alveoli - grape-like clusters of milk-secreting glands embedded in connective tissue myoepithelial cells spindle-shaped muscle cells that help propel the milk towards the nipple Mammary Glands Surface Anatomy Lactiferous duct carries milk from the lobules Lactiferous sinus expansion of the lactiferous duct opens onto the surface of the nipple