Transcript Period 2 The Face

The Face
Jesse Chang, Jenny Geng, Jessica Yang, Vatsala
Paliwal
Facial Bones
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total of 14 bones in the face
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Inferior nasal concha (2)
Lacrimal bones (2)
Mandible
Maxilla (2)
Nasal bones (2)
Palatine bones (2)
Vomer
Mnemonic: "Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh" –
Vomer, Conchae, Nasal, Maxilla, Mandible, Palatine,
Zygomatic, Lacrimal.
Vomer
"Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh" – Vomer, Conchae, Nasal, Maxilla,
Mandible, Palatine, Zygomatic, Lacrimal.
Vomer
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One of the unpaired bones in
face
Separates nasal passages,
perceives pheromones, gives
shape to face
Articulate with: sphenoid,
palatine bones, ethmoid →
into groove of vomer,
maxillary bones
Dorsal to hard palate
Vomer
Vomer
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Two flat surfaces with nasopalatine slanted grooves
(contains nerves and vessels of nasal passages)
Four borders:
1) Superior border - thickest, deep furrow with ala
projecting from either side
2) Inferior border - articulate with crest formed by
maxillae and palatine bones
3) Anterior border - longest, slopes down; top fused
with perpendicular plate of ethmoid, bottom grooved for
septal cartilage of nose
4) Posterior border - free, concave; divides choanae;
thick above and thinner below
Vomer
Deviated Nasal Septum
Slight deviation common, but a
harsh blow/injury can deviate
further
May lead to impaired breathing,
obstruct drainage & resemble
sinusitis
Treatment: Septoplasty surgery
Fractures common because many
bones in nose; vomer is thin
Inferior Nasal Conchae
-Inside the nasal air passage, there are bones that
protrude into the airway. These bones are shaped like
elongated shells and form a structure that resembles a
self.
-The superior and middle nasal conchae are considered
to be part of the ethmoid bone which is part of the
cranium.
-The larger inferior nasal conchae are considered to be
part of the face.
"Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh" – Vomer, Conchae, Nasal, Maxilla,
Mandible, Palatine, Zygomatic, Lacrimal.
Inferior Nasal Conchae
-The purpose of the inferior nasal conchae is to:
-Slow down the flow of air
-Slowed air can be cleaned and warmed.
-Increases surface area
-Air is also deflected upwards towards the olfactory
receptors
-Attached to the lateral walls of the nasal cavity-> Formed
by the maxillary bone, palatine bone, ethmoid and
lacrimal bone.
-Composed of spongy bone.
Inferior Nasal Conchae
Nasal
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Two small elongated rectangular bones that form the nasal bridge.
Articulates with:
o frontal and ethmoid on the cranium
o opposite nasal bone and maxilla
Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh" – Vomer, Conchae, Nasal, Maxilla,
Mandible, Palatine, Zygomatic, Lacrimal.
Possible Injuries to the Nasal
Bones
Nasal bone fracture (broken nose)
Cause:
 Any force applied laterally or frontally
 Children are more likely to sustain damage to cartilage b/c they have more
cartilage to bone
Symptoms:
 pain
 swelling
 bleeding in nose
 bruising
 If bones are pushed out of place: may appear misshapen
Nasal Bone Fracture Continued
Diagnosis:
 CT scan
 if there is significant bleeding or operation may be needed: several blood
tests should be performed including
complete blood count
coagulation studies
blood-typing and cross-matching if blood transfusion is needed
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Treatment:
 ice, elevation and topical decongestants
 if it is severe, may need cosmetic surgery
 Athletes should have adequate face and head protections after returning to
play
Prevention:
Maxilla
- two halves fused
together
- alveolar process
hold upper teeth -->
maxillary arch
-forms walls of
nasal cavity
-forms anterior roof
of the mouth (hard
palate)
Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh" – Vomer, Conchae, Nasal, Maxilla,
Mandible, Palatine, Zygomatic, Lacrimal.
Maxilla
Each maxilla has four processes (frontal,
alveolar, palatine, zygomatic)
-articulates with nine bones
Cranium: frontal, ethmoid
Face: nasal, zygomatic, lacrimal, inferior nasal
concha, palatine, vomer, adjacent fused
maxillary bone
Maxillary Sinus
-present at birth as air cells, develops
-pyramid shaped cavities
-lined by mucous membranes
-secretions drains into mid-lateral wall of nasal
cavity through small opening (ostium)
Injuries to Maxilla
-more rare than mandible (lower jaw)
-injuries usually associated with the nasal
Fracture:
1. separation of maxilla and teeth from bone
above
2. line from sides of maxilla and over nose
(pyramid shaped)
3. break in eye socket and bridge of nose
Mandible
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Made up of two bones (hemimandibles)
o form early in fetal development
o soon after birth, hemimandibles fuse and lengthen to form single bone of lower jaw
"Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh" – Vomer, Conchae, Nasal, Maxilla,
Mandible, Palatine, Zygomatic, Lacrimal.
Mandible: Landmarks
o alveolar process: a ridge on the upper part of the mandible that holds the
sockets for the lower teeth.
o ramus: triangular piece of bone rising up from either side of the alveolar
process
o condyle: projection at top of ramus that joins mandible to temporal bone,
creating the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
"Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh" – Vomer, Conchae, Nasal, Maxilla,
Mandible, Palatine, Zygomatic, Lacrimal.
TMJ (temporomandibular joint)
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enables lower jaw to move up and down &
side to side
synovial joint
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small disc of cartilage separates the bones
Palatine
Palatine
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There are two palatine bones; "L-shaped"
Form back of palate (roof of mouth), give form to
nasal cavity and bottom of eye socket (orbits)
Horizontal and perpendicular plates
Three processes: Pyramidal, Orbital, Sphenoidal
Articulate with: sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla,
inferior nasal concha, vomer, opposite palatine
"Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh" – Vomer, Conchae, Nasal, Maxilla,
Mandible, Palatine, Zygomatic, Lacrimal.
Palatine
Zygomatic
-small and
quadrangular
-upper lateral part of
cheek
-prominence of cheek
"Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh" – Vomer, Conchae, Nasal, Maxilla,
Mandible, Palatine, Zygomatic, Lacrimal.
Zygomatic (continued)
-articulates with maxilla at front and temporal
bone at side to complete the lateral wall of
the orbit
-curves to meet process from temporal bone to
form zygomatic arch (entire cheekbones)
"Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh" – Vomer, Conchae, Nasal, Maxilla,
Mandible, Palatine, Zygomatic, Lacrimal.
Zygomatic
Possible Injuries to Zygomatic
Bone
CHEEKBONE FRACTURES
Cause: Blunt force trauma to cheekbone
Symptoms: Pain, swelling, bruisingDiagnosis:
Physical exam, X-ray, CT test
Treatment: Surgery under general anesthetic
Prevention: face protection, seatbelt, hands
Other Results of Trauma:
-eyeball being pushed into head (metal plate used to
restructure)
Lacrimal
-The smallest bone of the face.
-Located in the front of the the medial wall of the orbit.
-Holds together many bones of the face
-Two surfaces and four borders
"Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh" – Vomer, Conchae, Nasal, Maxilla,
Mandible, Palatine, Zygomatic, Lacrimal.
Lacrimal
-Anterior Border attaches to frontal process of the Maxillia
-Posterior Border attaches to the Ethmoid
-Superior Border attaches to the Frontal bone
-Anterior Border attaches to both the Maxilla and Inferior
Nasal Conchae
Lacrimal
Lacrimal Bone Disorders
Small and fragile, easily fractured by trauma.
-Fixed by surgery
-Prevention: Anything to prevent head trauma
Can also become inflamed by orbital infections
-Treated by intravenous antibiotics in the
hospital.
-Prevention:Good hygiene and protect the
eyes.
Review
Works Cited
Rinzler, Carol Ann. "jaw." Health Reference Center. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 18 Nov. 2012.
<http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE48&SID=5&iPin=ENDOH0174&SingleRecord=True>.
Sayler, Mary Harwell. "temporomandibular joint (TMJ)." Health Reference Center. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 18 Nov. 2012.
<http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE48&SID=5&iPin=EMSS0465&SingleRecord=True>.
"Nasal Bone." The American Heritage® Medical Dictionary Copyright. N.p.:
Houghton, 2007. N. pag. Print.
Oakes, Elizabeth H. "sports-related nasal fractures." Health Reference Center. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 18 Nov. 2012.
<http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE48&SID=5&iPin=ESM0104&SingleRecord=True>.
"Dept of Anth: Maxilla Page." Home - CSU, Chico. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2012.
"Maxilla Bone Anatomy | Maxilla Bone Markings | Facial Bones of the Skull." GetBodySmart: Interactive Tutorials and Quizzes On Human
Anatomy and Physiology. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2012.
"Maxilla." Discover the Human Body: Interactive Anatomy Guide | InnerBody.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2012.