Transcript The Skeleton-Bones and Joint

The SkeletonBones, Joint, and
muscle
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
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dr. E. Suryadi, S.U.
Department of Anatomy,
Embryology and Anthropology
Selected Key Terms
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The following terms are defined in the
glossary:
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Amphiarthrosis
Bursa
Circumduction
Diaphysis
Diarthrosis
Endosteum
Epiphysis
Fontanel
Origo
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Joint
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
Osteocyte
Periosteum
Resorption
Synarthrosis
Synovial
Insertio
Role osteology in the medical
science learning
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Osteology
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 Anatomy (included Human biology)
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 Physiology
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 Pathology
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 Clinical sciences
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For example
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 Low
back pain that be caused nucleus
pulposus hernia Pain spreading from
lumbar region until in leg or foot
 Fracture middle clavicle, surgical neck
humeri
 To lie stetoscope when Aucultation of
heart
 Palpation of the lever and the appendix
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Bone structure
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Cells
1. Osteoblasts
Bone forming cells
2. Osteocytes
mature bone cells that maintain
bone
3. Osteoclasts
cells that break down (resorp) bone
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Tissue
1. Compact
shaft (diaphysis) of long bones;
outside of other bones
2. Spongy
end (epiphysis) of long bones;
center of other bones
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Marrow
– Red
ends of long bones, center of
other bones
– Yellow
center of long bones
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Membranes
contain bone-forming cells
1. Periosteum
covers bones
2. Endosteum
lines marrow cavities
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LONG BONE
GROWTH
begins in center of shaft and continues at
ends of bone; growing area forms line
across epiphysis (epiphysios disc)
BONE FUNCTIONS
serve as body framework; protect organs;
serve as levers; store calcium; form blood
cells
Divisions of the skeleton
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1.
AXIAL
Head
a. Cranial (neurocranium)
frontal, parietals, temporal bones,
ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital
b. Facial (viscerocranium)
mandible, maxillae, zygomatic bones,
nasal bones, lacrimal bones, vomer,
palatine bones, inferior nasal conchae.
c. Other
ossicles (of ear), hyoid bone
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2. Trunk
a. Vertebral column
cervical (VC), thoracic (VTh) , lumbar (VL),
sacral (VS), coccygeal (V Co)
b. thorax
(1) Sternum
(2) Ribs =costae
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True = costa vera
first seven pairs
False = costa spuria and fluctuantes
remaining five pairs, including two
floating ribs
B. APPENDICULAR
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shoulder girdle (cingulum superius)
clavicle, scapula
upper extremity (arm)
humerus, ulna, radius, carpals,
metacarpals, phalanges
pelvic girdle (cingulum inferius)
ilium, ischium, pubis
lower extremity (leg)
femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones,
metatarsal bones, phalanges
The carpal bones = ossa carpalia
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Scapoid = navicular
 Lunatum
 Triquetrum
 Pisiform
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Trapezium = multanguli major
 Trapezoid = multanguli minor
 Capitatum
 hamatum
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The tarsal bones = ossa tarsalia
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 Os
Talus
 Os Calcaneum
 Os Naviculare
 Os cuboideum
 Os medial cuneiforme (primus]
 Os intermediate cuneiforme(
secundus)
 Os lateral cuneiforme (tertius)
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Joint classification
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Synarthrosis
immovable
Amphiarthrosis
slightly moveable
diarthrosis (synovial joints)
freely movable
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Structure
of synovial joints
Joint capsule (ligaments)
holds joint together
Cartilage
cover ends of bones
Joint cavity
filled with synovial fluid
Bursae
fluid-filled sacs nearer joints; cushion
and protect joints and surrounding tissue
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Types
of synovial joints
gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle,
ball-and-socket
Movement at synovial joints
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
circumduction, rotation, supination,
pronation, inversion, eversion.
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Landmark of bones
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 Processes
mastoid process, acromion process,
olecranon process, iliac crest, iliac
spines, ishical spine and tuberosity,
trochanters, malleoli
 Foramina
foramen magnum, intervertebral
foramina, obturator foramina
 Fossae and grooves
 Fontanels
anterior and others in infant skull
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TERM of MORPHOLOGI at
BONE/SKELETON
Foramen =hole
Foramina = many hole
Fissura = Fissure
Aditus = Hole Into = To Come To
Exitus = Hole Out Of
Fenestra = Window
Apertura = Hole into
Hiatus = An Opening
Rima = A Cleft
Ostium = A door = An Entrance
Orificium
Porus =poros =pori = a narrow
ROOM / SPACE
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Cavum = Cavity
Sinus = Hollow
Recessus = Recess = Hiding Place
Meatus = Passage
Vestibulum = The Entrance Region of
Tube
Cellulae = Small Compartment
Saccus = SAC
Atrium = An Entrance Room
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PROTRUSION
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Processus = Process
Condylus = knob
Spina = thorn
Tuber = a hump
Tuberculum = Tubercle
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Crista = Crest
Linea = Line
Eminentia = Eminence = Hill
Protuberantia = Protuberance
Tuberosity : Rough Tuber
Hamulus = A hook
Trochanter = a great protrusion
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CANAL
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Canalis = Canal
Canaliculi = a small canal
Ductus = a canal which be
through something
Ductuli = a small duct
Tubus = a pipe shape duct
Tubuli = a small tube
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VALLEY/PLANE
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Fossa = A Slope Valley
Fovea = A Steep Valley
Foveola = A small fovea
Facies = Facet = face
Planum = Surface
Sulcus = Groove
Incisura = Notch
Impressio = a hollow because be
crushed something
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OTHERS
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Caput = Cephale = head
Capitulum = a small head
Angulus = Angle
Arcus = Arch = Curve = Bend
Collum = Cervix = Neck
Spatium = Space
Corpus = Truncus = Body = trunk
Radix = root
Apex = top
Basis = base
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Ramus = Branch
Clivus = Steep = A slope
Discus = Quoit = Disc
Stylo = Pencil
Mast = Breast
Ala = Wing
Saeptum = A Barrier = Enclosure
Margo = Border
Cornu = Horn Shaped
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 Atrium
= a small chamber
 Cingulum = a girdle
 Cornu = horn shape
 Malleus = a hammer
 Olecranon = the point of the elbow
 Acromion = the point of the shoulder
 Diastema = an interval; distance
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Direction
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Superior = above
 Supra = over
 Inferior = below
 Infra = under
 Anterior = before = to front
 Posterior = after = to back
 Lateral = to side
 Medial = to middle
 Cranial = to head
 Caudal = to tail
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Proximal = base =upper course
 Distal = tip =lower course
 Profundal = to deeper
 Superficial = to outer (to surface)
 Major = bigger = greater
 Minor = lesser
 Dorsal = to back
 Ventral = to front
 Transversal = transverse
 Longitudinal = long
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The samples of term in the part of
bone
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Foramen occipitale magnum
Processus styloideus radii
Tuber ischiadicum
Canalis mandibularis
Crista tuberculi majoris humeri
Sulcus nervi ulnalis
Incisura scapulae
Caput femoris
Collum costae
Protuberantia occipitalis externa
Spina iliaca anterior superior
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Processus mastoideus
 Impressio trigemini
 Fossa supra spinosus scapulae
 Foramen infra orbitale
 Porus acusticus externus
 Crista iliaca externa
 Linea intertrochanterica
 Apertura canaliculi tympanici superior
 Angulus sterni
 Fovea petrosa
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NAMES OF JOINT
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Articulatio
Articulatio
Articulatio
Articulatio
Articulatio
Articulatio
Articulatio
Articulatio
Articulatio
Articulatio
Articulatio
Temporo Mandibularis
Atlanto Occipitalis
Intervertebralis
Sterno Clavicularis
Acromio Clavicularis
Humeri
Cubiti
Radio Carpae
Coxae
Genu
Talo Cruralis
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NAMES OF LIGAMENTUM
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BASED ON
ATTACHED: LIG. CORACO ACROMIALE
POSITION : LIG. COLATERALE MEDIALE
SHAPE
: LIG. ANNULARE
LIE
: LIG. SUPRA SPINALE
DIRECTION : LIG. TRANSVERSUM
CARPI
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ARTICULATIONES
FIBROSAE
-SUTURES
-SYNDESMOSE
-GOMPHOSES
SYNARTHROSES
SYNCHONOROSES
ARTICULATIONES
CARTILAGINEAE
SYNOSTOSES
ARTHROSES
ARTICULATIONES
JUNCTURAE
AMPHIARTHOSES
UNIAXIAL
DIARTHOSES
(SYNOVIAL JOINTS)
SYMPHYSES
PLANE
GINGLYMUS/HINGE
BICONDYLAR
TROCOID/PIVOT
ELLIPSOID
BIAXIAL
MULTIAXIAL
(TRI/POLY)
SELLAR/SADOLEL
SPHEROID
ENARTHOSIS = BALL & SOCKET
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Musculus
Penamaan (terminologi) otot didasarkan pada
karakteristik tertentu misalnya :
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Bentuk (quadratus femoris),
Fungsi (levator scapulae),
Posisi (latisimus dorsi),
perlekatan (coracobrachialis),
Panjang dan pendeknya (peroneus longus
and peroneus brevis) ,
Besar dan kecilnya (gluteus maximus) , and
Jumlah origo (biceps brachii) dan jumlah
perut (digastricus venter anterior)
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Bagian ujung otot
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 They
are properly called voluntary,
skeletal, or striated muscles.
 Setiap otot(musculus) mempunyai dua
ujung, keduanya mereka melekat pada
bagian tulang atau jaringan yang satu
ujung disebut origo dan yang lain
disebut insertio.
 Origo adalah berposisi tetap dan ujung
proximal atau punctum fixum,
 Insertio berposisi bergerak dan bagian
ujung atau punctum mobile.
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Nama gerak tubuh
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 Flexi
: anteflexi, retroflexi/dorsoflexi
 Extensi
 Abduksi
 Adduksi
 Rotasi: pronasi- supinasi; endorotasi
–exorotasi, inversi -eversi
 Elevasi,
 Depressi
 Aposisi, reposisi
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Bagian-bagian otot
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 Bagian
origo otot dinamakan kepala
(cephal) dan di bagian insertio
dinamakan ekor (caudal), dan bagian
tengah otot dinamakan venter.
 Tendo dan aponeurosis adalah bagian
otot yang tidak mengandung serabut
otot dan sebagian besar mengandung
jaringan colagen.
 Mereka merupakan perpanjangan otot
untuk melekat pada tulang dan tidak
mengandung serabut kontraktil
Behavioral Objective
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Name the three different types of bone
cells and describe the function of each.
Differentiate between compact bone and
spongy bone with respect structure and
location.
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Describe the structure of a long bone
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Explain how a long bone grows
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Differentiate between red and yellow
marrow with respect to function and
location.
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List the bones in the axial skeleton
List the bones in the appendicular
skeleton
Define the three types of joints
based on type of movement
Describe the structure of a synovial
joint and give six examples of
synovial joints
Define six types of movement that
occur at synovial joints.