Transcript Reading the Map

Intro to the Human Body
What is Anatomy?
 A-na-tom-y
 The study of internal and external structures
 From the Greek language and literally meant “to cut
apart”
 Divided into macro and micro
 Microscopic- only seen with magnification
 Macroscopic- visible to naked eye
What is Physiology ?
 Phys-i-ol-ogy
 Focuses on the functions and vital process of
structures
 Physi means relationship to nature
 Ology means the study of
Anatomy or Phsyiology?
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The skeletal system
A muscle contraction
Homeostasis
Knee joint
The brain
Disease
 In 5 words describe what disease is.
 The word literally means not (dis) at ease
 Disease is anything that upsets the normal structure
and function of A&P
 Name common diseases:
Disease terminology
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Etiology- cause of the illness
Idiopathic-can not determine illness
Nosocomial- infectious disease from a medical facility
Epidemiology-study of a disease
Communicable- spread in a variety of ways like: Person to
person, insect to person, airborne
Contagious- only spread person to person
Endemic- located in one specific region/location
Epidemic- affects large numbers in a region
Pandemic- spreads country/nation wide
Review of Medical Terms
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Abdomin
Aden
Angio
Arthr
Cardi
Col
Cyan
Cyt
Derm
Erythr
Gastr
Glyc
Hemat
Hepat
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Abdomen
Gland
Vessel
Joint
Heart
Colon
Blue
Cell
Skin
Red
Stomach
Sugar
Blood
liver
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Hist
Hydr
Leuk
Mamm
Nephr
Neur
Oste
Path
Phag
Phleb
Rhin
Medical terms…
Tissue
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Water
White
Breast
Kidney
Nerve
Bone
Disease
To swallow
Vein
nose
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a/an
Acro
Brady
Dia
Dys
Electro
Endo
Epi
Hyper
Hypo
Macro
micro
Peri
Sub
tachy
Prefixes
 Without
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Extremities
Slow
Through
Difficult
Electric
Within
Upon
Above normal
Below normal
Large
Small
Around
Below, under
fast
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Al
Algia
Cyte
Ectomy
Gram
Graphy
Ist
Itis
Megaly
Ologist
Ology
Oma
Otomy
Ostomy
Pathy
Penia
Phobia
Plasty
Scope
Suffixes
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Pertaining to
Pain
Cell
Surgical removal
Actual record
Process of recording
One who specializes
Inflammation
Enlargement of
One who studies
Study of
Tumor
Cutting into
Surgically opening
Disease
Decrease of lack of
Fear of
Surgical repair
Instrument to view
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bid
BM
BP
CA
CBC
CPR
CXR
Dx
GI
ICU
IV
MI
npo
po
prn
q
SOB
STAT
tid
ER
Abbreviations
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Twice a day
Bowel movement
Blood pressure
Cancer
Complete blood count
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Chest x ray
Diagnosis
Gastro intestinal
Intensive care unit
Intravenous
Myocardial infarction
Nothing by mouth
By mouth
As needed
Every
Shortness of breath
Immediately
Three times a day
Emergency room
Metric System
 Based on the power of 10
 KHDMDCM
Metabolism
 Refers to all chemical operations going on in our
bodies
 Requires fuel and nutrients to function
 Produces waste
 “all the life-sustaining reactions within the body”
Metabolism subdivided
 Anabolism- simpler compounds are built up and used
for growth, repair and movement/reproduction
 Catabolism- complex substances are broken down
into simpler substances. Ex. Breakdown of food into
chemical building blocks for energy.
Homeostasis
 Is the physiological process that monitors and
maintains a stable internal environment or
equilibrium. Ex. Heart rate, temperature, BP.
 Compare homeostasis to your home thermostat.
 Needs feedback to determine action
 This is called negative feedback loop- body relies on
this to sense the internal and external environment.
Feedback
 Hypothalamus is the body's thermostatic control.
 If it senses cold environments it triggers the body to
conserve heat. The body shivers causes muscle
activity and generates heat.
 It triggers vasoconstriction keeping blood further
away from the skin to reduce heat loss
Positive feedback
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“vicious cycle”
Not a way to regulate the body
Continually increases
Example- during childbirth the hypothalamus release
oxytocin that triggers uterine contractions. The
oxytocin released continues to increase and cause
more contractions until the baby is born.
Disease concepts
 Signs and symptoms
 Vital signs
 A set group of signs and symptoms that may occur at
the same time indicate a SYNDROME.
 Chief complaint
 Diagnosis- an i.d. of the disease
 Prognosis- a prediction of the diseases outcome
Body’s Defense System
 Pathogenic- microorganisms that cause disease
 Skin is first line of defense
 Immune response- “eat” the pathogens that
penetrated the skin
 Inflammatory response- occurs when tissues in your
body are injured.
Defense….
 Allergic reactions- immune system goes too far and
causes damage.
 Transmission- vector borne(carried by animal)
biological – malaria or mechanical- landing on food
 Contact- direct -you touch, indirect- not sterilized
 Common vehicle- consumable goods are contaminated
 Airborne- sneezing
 Chain of infection- is the complete cycle of a pathogen
entering the body and ending in the bloodstream.
Real Life Comparison
 Create a real life illustration that compares the idea of
positive and negative feedback
 Present your creation!
Quiz!!!
 Quiz:
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Anatomy
Physiology
Medical terms, abbreviations, etc.
Metabolisms
Homeostasis
Disease concept
Response to disease.
Reading the Map
Human Body
Body Positions
 Anatomical position- erect, face forward, feet parallel with
arms hanging at the side, and palms facing forward.
 Supine- facing upward (on your back)
 Prone facing downward (on your stomach)
 Tredelenburg- patient is supine but the head of the bed is
lower than the feet
 Fowlers-(often used in the hospital) patient is sitting in the
bed with the head of the bed elevated to 45-60 degrees
Body Planes
 Are imaginary lines drawn through the body at
various parts to separate the body into sections.
 Directional terms are created by these planes
 There are three main body planes
 Transverse
 Midsagittal
 Frontal
Transverse Plane
 Is a horizontal plane that divides the body into a top
and bottom half.
 The terms superior and inferior are made from this
plane.
 Superior meaning above other body parts.
 Inferior meaning below other body parts.
 Example the elbow is superior to the wrist and inferior
to the shoulder.
Transverse Plane
 Cranial and caudal are also related to this plane
 Cranial meaning near the head
 Caudal meaning near the tail.
Midsagittal Plane
 Also called the median plane
 Divides the body into right and left sides
 Two directional terms are formed from this plane,
medial and lateral.
 Medial means toward the midline
 Lateral means away from the midline
Frontal Plane
 Also called the coronal plane
 Divides the body into front and back sections
 Two directional terms are formed from this plane
 Body parts in front of this plane are referred to as
anterior or ventral parts
 Body parts behind this plane are referred to as posterior
or dorsal parts.
Other Directional Terms
 Proximal and Distal
 Proximal parts are body parts that are close to the point
of reference
 Distal parts are body parts that are distant from the
point of reference.
 Example: The knee is proximal to the hip while the ankle
is distal to the hip.
Additional Directional Terms
 Proximal- refers to being the closest point of reference to
your body
 Distal- refers to being the farthest point of reference from
your body.
 Internal- structures inside
 External-structures outside
 Superficial- towards the body's surface
 Deep- away from the body’s surface
 Ipsilateral- means on the same side
 Contralateral- means on the opposite side
Body Planes
Movements in Planes
 Sagittal Plane
 The Sagittal plane passes through the body front to back, so dividing it into left and
right. Movements in this plane are the up and down movements of flexion and
extension
 Frontal Plane
 The frontal plane divides the body into front and back. Movements in this plane are
sideways movements, called abduction and adduction
 Transverse Plane
 This plane divides the body into top and bottom. Movements in this plane are
rotational in nature, such as internal and external rotation, pronation and supination
 Anatomical Neutral
 This is the starting position for describing any movement. It is important that you
know this to be able to understand what is meant by certain movement patterns. It is
sometimes also called the anatomical starting position or fundamental starting
position.
 Anatomical neutral is:
 Standing upright
 Legs together and knee straight
 Toes pointing straight forwards
 Arms by the side
 Palms facing forwards
Check Point
 Simon Says!!!
Position me
Remember!!!
When you are caring for a patient you will ALWAYS use THEIR left and right.
Not yours! This can cause serious problems in surgery and treatment if you tag
the wrong body part.
Factoid:
-species with a vertebral column are classified as vertebrates and
include fish, amphibians, reptiles birds, and mammals. The various planes of the
body are also applied in veterinary medicine with a slight variation in terms.
Anterior and posterior terms do not apply to quadrupeds.
- A sigittal plane will divide the body into left and right halves but can
divide the body at any point. Only the midsaggital plane divides in the center.
Now ….. Lets make some MOVES
Body Cavities
 Spaces within the body that contain the vital organs.
 Two main body cavities
 Dorsal - also called posterior cavity
 Ventral - also called anterior cavity.
Dorsal Cavity
 One long continuous cavity located at the rear of the
body.
 Divided into two sections
 Cranial Cavity - contains the brain
 Spinal Cavity - contains the spinal cord.
Ventral Cavities
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Are larger than the dorsal cavities.
Located on the front of the body
The ventral cavity is separated by the diaphragm.
There are three main ventral cavities
 Thoracic
 Abdominal
 Pelvic
Thoracic Cavity
 Located in the chest
 Contains major organs including:
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Esophagus
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Heart
Blood vessels
Abdominal Cavity
 Is the upper part of the stomach area and contains
the following:
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Stomach
Small intestine
Most of the large intestine
Appendix
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Spleen
Pelvic Cavity
 Lower portion of the torso
 Contains the following
 Urinary bladder
 Reproductive organs
 Last part of the large intestine
 Often times the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity
are referred to as one unit called the abdomino-pelvic
cavity
Other Cavities
 Orbital Cavity
 Contains the eyes
 Nasal Cavity
 Contains the nose structures
 Buccal Cavity
 Contains the teeth and tongue
Body Cavities
Abdominal Regions
 The abdominal cavity is large so it is divided into
regions or sections.
 There are two methods of division.
 Quadrants
 Regions
Abdominal Quadrants
 Abdomen is divided into four sections with the
umbilicus being the center point of reference.
 Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)- liver, right kidney,
pancreas, gallbladder, colon
 Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) - colon, small intestines,
right femoral artery, and appendix
 Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) - spleen, left kidney,
stomach, colon, and pancreas
 Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) - colon, small intestines,
left femoral artery.
Abdominal Quadrants
Abdominal Regions
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Right Hypochondriac Region
Right Lumbar Region
Right Iliac Region
Epigastric Region
Umbilical region
Hypogastric Region
Left Hypochondriac Region
Left Lumbar Region
Left Iliac Region
Abdominal Regions
Review
 Quiz
 Indivually, then help a buddy.
 Diagram:
 Quadrants
 Cavities
 Regions
 Swap with opponent and grade!
Other Important Body Regions
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Antebrachial- forearm
Antecubital-front of elbow
Axillary- armpit
Brachial- underarm
Buccal- Cheek
Carpal- wrist
Cervical- neck
Digital- fingers
Femoral- upper inner thigh
Gluteal- buttocks
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Lumbar- lower back
Nasal- nose
Oral- mouth
Orbital- eye
Patellar- knee
Pedal- foot
Plantar- sole of foot
Pubic- genital
Sternal- breastbone
Thoracic-chest
Clinial Application Body Regions
 The Spinal Column
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Cerival 1-7
Thoracic 1-12
Lumbar 1-5
Sacrum (fused)1-5
Coccyx
Radiology
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Used as diagnotic imaging
Xray
CT Scan
MRI
Ultrasound
Xray
 Most common
 Taken by passing xray beams through specific areas in
the body
 Depends on the densities
 Air is least dense / most radiolucent
 Tissue/fat- depends on thickness. Thicker the layer the
the lighter the image
 Water is mid ranged in density- more dense than air
and less dense than bone
Positioning for Xray
 Problem is it is only one dimensional
 Posteroanterior- standard position that places patient
in an up right position with chest in front in front of xray film. Beam travels from posterior out the anterior
region onto the film.
 Anteroposterior- opposite of PA
 Lateral- done as a compliment of PA to eliminate
interfering organs.
CT/ CAT Scan
 Provides high resolution cross sectional “slices” and
creates a 3 d image.
 Problem is that it exposes you to high levels of
radiation. (like having hundreds of chest xays)
MRI
 Instead of radiation it uses magnetic energy to
produce cross sectional imaging.
 Imaging is better than a x-ray and CAT scan.
 Patients must be completely still and are limited if
they have steel prosthetics.
 Patients who suffer from claustrophobia will benefit
from the creation of open MRI machines
Ultrasound
 Also known as sonography
 Uses sound waves to distinguish structures in the
body.
 Works like a fish finder
 Because of this feature we can observe the action of
heart valves, or fetal development.
 No radiation exposure
Homeostasis Lab