Transcript Internal Anatomy of Crustaceans

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1. To examine the anatomy and
physiology of aquatic species.
2. To differentiate between crustaceans,
mollusks and fish.
3. To determine the roles marine
vegetation play in maintaining
aquatic life.
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• Include the following:
– crustaceans
– mollusks
– fish
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• Are chiefly aquatic organisms which have
a hard shell or crust covering their body
• Belong to the phylum arthropoda and
class crustacea
• Include lobsters, crabs, shrimp and
barnacles
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• Are crustaceans at the larval stage
• Are characterized by the following:
– unsegmented body
– median eye
– three pairs of appendages
Median Eye – also known as a parietal eye, this is a
photosensitive “third eye” located in the
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center of the skull
• Is characterized by the following:
–exoskeleton
–antennae
–jointed legs
–segmented bodies
–bilateral symmetry
Antennae
(sensory reception)
Head
Thorax
Walking legs
Bilateral symmetry - when an object can be divided into
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identical halves, usually a left and right side
• Is a hard, external covering which provides
protection and support for an organism
• Is made of chitin, a substance which forms
hard, semitransparent material
• Does not allow for continuous growth of the
animal, therefore it grows in periods and the
exoskeleton undergoes molting
Molting –a crustacean undergoes ecdysis, or the shedding
of the exoskeleton, to allow for growth of the animal 7
• Are the paired appendages located
at the front most segment of
arthropods
• On crustaceans are uniramous in
the first pair and biramous in the
rest
• Function as sensory organs which
allow for taste, smell and touch
Biramous – a limb which branches into two, each branch
consisting of segments attached end to end
Uniramous – a limb comprised of a single series of
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segments attached end to end
• Are used for walking and swimming
• In arthropods, may be either
uniramous or biramous
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• In crustaceans are composed of the following
three parts:
–head
–thorax
–abdomen
• Usually form a cephalothorax in adult
crustaceans, meaning the thorax and head are
fused together
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• Is characterized by the following:
– encephalon: where mental function takes place
– extensor muscle: extends the tail
– flexor muscle: bends the tail
– heart: pumps blood throughout body
– stomach: houses and breaks down food
– ventral nerve cord: collection of nerves in the
abdomen
Fun Fact:
Lobster blood is
grayish-blue in color
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• Are invertebrates
• Are soft bodied animals which possess a
hard shell
• Include scallops, clams and oysters
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• Is characterized by a hard outer shell
– popular among humans as ornamental
decorations
Fun Fact:
Some oysters alternate their gender
yearly, switching from male to female
and back again
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• Is divided into two body regions:
–head-foot
–visceral mass
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• Is most easily seen
• Is mostly a muscular organ which is
covered in cilia and mucous cells
• Normally consists in a tail at one end and a
head at the other
• May be drawn up in the shell
• Allows for movement
Cilia – thin, tail-like projections which extend from the
cell bodies and aid in transportation
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• Accounts for the rest of the body
• Is entirely non-muscular
• Contains organs used in digestion
and reproduction, including:
–kidneys
–heart
–gonads
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• Are aquatic vertebrates which possess fins for
appendages
• Make-up the largest group of vertebrates
• Are divided into two groups depending on the composition
of their skeleton: bony or cartilaginous
– bony fish have skeletons made of bones, such as trout
and catfish
– cartilaginous fish have skeletons composed of
cartilage, such as sharks and rays
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• Is characterized by the following:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
caudal fin
dorsal fin
lateral line
eye
mouth
operculum
pectoral fin
pelvic fin
scales
anal fin
dorsal fin lateral line
caudal fin
eye
mouth
pectoral fin
scales
anal fin
operculum
pelvic fin
Operculum – the hard, bony flap covering the gills in
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bony fish
• Includes the following:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
caudal fin
dorsal fin
lateral line
eye
mouth
gill slits
pectoral fin
pelvic fin
anal fin
dorsal fin
lateral line
eye
caudal fin
mouth
gill slits
anal fin pelvic fin
pectoral fin
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• Are found on most fish
• On bony fish are made of bone and resemble roof
shingles
• Are called dermal denticles in sharks and are tiny toothlike structures found in the skin
Fun Fact: Many brands of lipstick
contain fish scales
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• Move, stabilize and protect fish
• May be paired or unpaired
• Are flexible in bony fish and stiff in
cartilaginous fish
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• Allow oxygen to enter the
bloodstream
• Are found alongside the head
• Are usually bright red in color due to
the large amount of blood present
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• Relate to the fish’s lifestyle
• Include the following:
–body shape
–mouth location
–tail shape
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• Include the following:
–fusiform
–laterally compressed
–depressed
–eel-like
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• Swim very fast
• Live in open water
• Include the barracuda
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• Possess bodies which are compressed
from side to side
• Do not swim very fast, but are very
maneuverable
• Include flounders
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• Have bodies which are depressed
from top to bottom
• Usually live on or near the bottom of
the body of water
• Include stingrays
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• Resemble snakes
• Include electric eels
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• Include the following:
– terminal: located at the end of the head and are used
for chasing or capturing
– superior: posses a long, lower jaw and is located
toward the top of the head; includes the tarpon
– sub-terminal: located toward the bottom of the head
and usually feed on the sea floor; includes the bonefish
– specialized: mouths which do not fit these categories,
such as a seahorse which possess a straw-like snout
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A – Terminal
B – Superior
C – Sub-terminal
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• Includes the following:
–crescent-shaped
–forked
–rounded
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• Account for fast swimmers
• Allow fish to be constantly active
• Are found on the swordfish
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• May allow for fast or slow swimming
• Determine speed based on the depth
of the fork
• Are found on the striped bass
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• Usually cause fish to swim slowly
• Allow for short bursts of speed
• Are found on angelfish
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• Includes the following:
– spine
– brain
– lateral line
– swim bladder
– kidney
– liver
– heart
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• Provides the primary structural framework
• Connects the skull to the tail
• Is comprised of many vertebrae which
house and protect the spinal chord
– the spinal chord connects the brain to the rest
of the body
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• Acts as a control center
• Processes all sensory information
• Manages both voluntary and
involuntary actions
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• Is a primary sensory organ
• Can detect underwater vibrations and
determine the direction of their source
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• Is a hollow, gas filled organ
• Maintains a neutral buoyancy in the fish
• Releases or gains air depending on atmospheric
pressure, allowing fish to change depths quickly
Fun Fact:
Species of fish which do not possess a swim
bladder, will sink if they stop swimming
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• Filter liquid wastes from the blood
• Regulate salt and water concentrations in
the body
– determine if the fish can live in freshwater,
saltwater or both
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• Secretes enzymes which assist in digestion
• Serves as a storage area for carbohydrates and fats
• Destroys old blood cells and maintains proper blood
chemistry
• Aids in the secretion of nitrogen and other wastes
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• Circulates blood throughout the fish’s body
– blood delivers oxygen and digested
nutrients throughout the body and
transports waste products to the kidneys
and liver for removal
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• Includes algae, which are not considered plants
because they are not rooted down
– can be divided into macro- and microalgae
• Also includes of macrophytes
• Morphology is very important to the life of marine
animals
Morphology – the form and structure of an organism
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• Are large celled algae which serve
two purposes:
– provide oxygen to marine life through
photosynthesis
– reduce level of available phosphates
and nitrates from the water, acting as a
natural filter
Phosphates: salt of a phosphoric acid
Nitrates: salt of nitric acid
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• Are very simple forms of algae
• Perform photosynthesis most efficiently
due to simple structure
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• Are rooted aquatic plants
• Are usually larger and more complex than algae
• May be the following:
– emergent, such as cattails and reeds
– submergent, such as bladderwort
– floating, such as lily pads
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1. What is the difference between the flexor muscle
and the extensor muscle in crustaceans?
2. What are the three types of macrophytes?
3. The _______ _______ can detect underwater
vibrations and determines the direction of their
source.
4. Scales in sharks are called _______ _______.
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5. _______ is when a crustacean undergoes ecdysis, or
the shedding of the exoskeleton, to allow for growth of
the animal.
6. Algae is considered a plant.
a. true
b. false
7. Nauplia are crustaceans at the larval stage.
a. true
b. false
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8. Crustaceans belong to the phylum arthropoda.
a. true
b. false
9. Which of the following regulates salt and water
concentrations in a fish’s body?
a. liver
b. kidneys
c. spleen
d. pancreas
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10. Which of the following is not a tail shape in fish?
a. crescent-shaped
b. flattened
c. rounded
d. forked
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• PetEducation.com
www.peteducation.com
• Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
myfwc.com
• National Aquarium in Baltimore
www2.iim.csic.es/pesquerias/Pesca/Biologia/anatomia/Fish
%20Biology%20and%20Anatomy.htm
• The Phylum Mollusca
www.earthlife.net
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