Transcript Chapter 1 PowerPoint

Chapter 1 Part B
The Human
Body: An
Orientation
© Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by
Karen Dunbar Kareiva
Ivy Tech Community College
1.5 Anatomical Terms
Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
• Standard anatomical position
– Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing
forward with thumbs pointing away from body
• Directional terms describe one body structure
in relation to another body structure
– Direction is always based on standard
anatomical position
– Right and left refer to the body being viewed, not
right and left of observer
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 1.1-1 Orientation and Directional Terms
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 1.1-2 Orientation and Directional Terms (continued)
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 1.1-3 Orientation and Directional Terms (continued)
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Regional Terms
• Two major divisions of body
– Axial
• Head, neck, and trunk
– Appendicular
• Limbs (legs and arms)
• Regional terms designate specific areas within
body divisions
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.7a Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.
Cephalic
Frontal
Orbital
Nasal
Oral
Mental
Cervical
Upper limb
Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital
Thoracic
Sternal
Axillary
Mammary
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
Abdominal
Umbilical
Manus (hand)
Pelvic
Inguinal
(groin)
Palmar
Pollex
Digital
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar
Pubic (genital)
Crural (leg)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle)
Thorax
Abdomen
Metatarsal
Digital
Hallux
Anterior/Ventral
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.7b Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.
Cephalic
Otic
Occipital (back
of head)
Upper limb
Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Cervical
Olecranal
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Back (dorsal)
Scapular
Vertebral
Lumbar
Manus (hand)
Metacarpal
Sacral
Gluteal
Digital
Perineal (between
anus and external
genitalia)
Lower limb
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal
Sural (calf)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Calcaneal
Back (Dorsum)
Plantar
Posterior/Dorsal
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Body Planes and Sections
• Body planes
– Surfaces along which body or structures may be
cut for anatomical study
– Three most common planes:
• Sagittal plane
• Frontal (coronal) plane
• Transverse (horizontal) plane
• Sections
– Cuts or sections made along a body plane
• Named after plane, so a sagittal cut results in a
sagittal section
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Body Planes and Sections (cont.)
• Sagittal plane
– Divides body vertically into right and left parts
– Produces a sagittal section if cut along this plane
– Midsagittal (median) plane
• Cut was made perfectly on midline
– Parasagittal plane
• Cut was off-centered, not on midline
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Body Planes and Sections (cont.)
• Frontal (coronal) plane
– Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior
parts (front and back)
– Produces a frontal or coronal section
• Transverse (horizontal) plane
– Divides body horizontally (90° to vertical plane)
into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)
– Produces a cross section
• Oblique section
– Result of cuts at angle other than 90° to vertical
plane
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.8 Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
Median (midsagittal) plane
Vertebral
column
Rectum Intestines
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Frontal (coronal) plane
Right
lung
Liver
Heart
Left
lung
Stomach
Spleen
Transverse plane
Liver
Aorta
Pancreas
Subcutaneous
fat layer
Spinal
cord
Spleen
Figure 1.8a Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
Median (midsagittal) plane
Vertebral
column
Rectum Intestines
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.8b Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
Frontal (coronal) plane
Right
lung
Liver
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Heart
Left
lung
Stomach
Spleen
Figure 1.8c Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
Transverse plane
Liver
Aorta
Pancreas
Subcutaneous
fat layer
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Spinal
cord
Spleen
1.6 Body Cavities and Membranes
• Body contains internal cavities that are closed to
environment
• Cavities provide different degrees of protection
to organs within them
• Two sets of cavities
– Dorsal body cavity
– Ventral body cavity
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Dorsal Body Cavity
• Protects fragile nervous system
• Two subdivisions
– Cranial cavity
• Encases brain
– Vertebral cavity
• Encases spinal cord
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.
Cranial
cavity
Cranial
cavity
(contains
brain)
Dorsal
body
cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and
lungs)
Vertebral
cavity
(contains
spinal
cord)
Dorsal body
cavity
Ventral body
cavity
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Superior
mediastinum
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity within
the mediastinum
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
Lateral view
Anterior view
Ventral body
cavity
(thoracic and
abdominopelvic
cavities)
Ventral Body Cavity
• Houses the internal organs (collectively called
viscera)
• Two subdivisions, which are separated by the
diaphragm
– Thoracic cavity
– Abdominopelvic cavity
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ventral Body Cavity (cont.)
• Thoracic cavity
– Two pleural cavities
• Each cavity surrounds one lung
– Mediastinum
• Contains pericardial cavity
• Surrounds other thoracic organs, such as esophagus,
trachea, etc.
– Pericardial cavity
• Encloses heart
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ventral Body Cavity (cont.)
• Abdominopelvic cavity
– Abdominal cavity
• Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
– Pelvic cavity
• Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and
rectum
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.
Cranial
cavity
Cranial
cavity
(contains
brain)
Dorsal
body
cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and
lungs)
Vertebral
cavity
(contains
spinal
cord)
Dorsal body
cavity
Ventral body
cavity
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Superior
mediastinum
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity within
the mediastinum
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
Lateral view
Anterior view
Ventral body
cavity
(thoracic and
abdominopelvic
cavities)
Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 1.1
• Whereas the pelvic bones provide limited
protection to the pelvic cavity, the walls of
abdominal cavity are formed by muscle only, so
organs in this area are most vulnerable to
trauma
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ventral Body Cavity (cont.)
• Membranes in ventral body cavity
– Serosa (also called serous membrane)
• Thin, double-layered membranes that cover surfaces
in ventral body cavity
– Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls
– Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera)
• Double layers are separated by slit-like cavity filled
with serous fluid
• Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ventral Body Cavity (cont.)
• Named for specific cavity and organs that they
are associated with
– Pericardium
• Heart
– Pleurae
• Lungs
– Peritoneum
• Abdominopelvic cavity
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.10 Serous membrane relationships.
Outer balloon wall
(comparable to parietal serosa)
Air (comparable to serous cavity)
Inner balloon wall
(comparable to visceral serosa)
A fist thrust into a flaccid balloon demonstrates
the relationship between the parietal and visceral
serous membrane layers.
Heart
Parietal
pericardium
Pericardial
space with
serous fluid
Visceral
pericardium
The serosae associated with the heart.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 1.2
• Serous membranes can become inflamed as a
result of infection or other causes
• Normally smooth layers can become rough and
even can stick together, resulting in excruciating
pain
• Examples: pleurisy and peritonitis
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ventral Body Cavity (cont.)
• Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions
– Quadrants are divisions used primarily by
medical personnel
• Abdominopelvic region is sectioned into quarters
– Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
– Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
– Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
– Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.11 The four abdominopelvic quadrants.
Right upper
quadrant
(RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant
(LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant
(RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant
(LLQ)
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ventral Body Cavity (cont.)
• Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions (cont.)
– Nine divisions called regions, resembling a tic-tactoe grid, are used primarily by anatomists
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Right hypochondriac region
Epigastric region
Left hypochondriac region
Right lumbar region
Umbilical region
Left lumber region
Right Iliac (inguinal) region
Hypogastric region
Left iliac (inguinal) region
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.12 The nine abdominopelvic regions.
Liver
Right
hypochondriac
region
Right
lumbar
region
Epigastric
region
Umbilical
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Left
lumbar
region
Gallbladder
Ascending colon
of large intestine
Small intestine
Cecum
Right iliac
(inguinal)
region
Hypogastric
(pubic)
region
Left iliac
(inguinal)
region
Nine regions delineated by four planes
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix
Diaphragm
Spleen
Stomach
Transverse colon
of large intestine
Descending colon
of large intestine
Initial part of
sigmoid colon
Urinary bladder
Anterior view of the nine regions showing the
superficial organs
Other Body Cavities
• In addition to the two main body cavities, the
body has several smaller cavities that are
exposed to environment
– Oral and digestive cavities
– Nasal cavity
– Orbital cavities
– Middle ear cavities
• Not exposed to environment
– Synovial cavities: joint cavities
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.