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Human Body Systems:
Major Structures
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Digestive System:
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anus - the opening at the end of the digestive system from which feces exit the body.
appendix - a small sac located near the start of the large intestine.
esophagus - the long tube between the mouth and the stomach. It uses rhythmic muscle movements
(called peristalsis) to force food from the throat into the stomach.
gall bladder - a small, sac-like organ located by the duodenum. It stores and releases bile (a
digestive chemical which is produced in the liver) into the small intestine.
large intestine - the long, wide tube that food goes through after it goes theough the small
intestine.
liver - a large organ located above and in front of the stomach. It filters toxins from the blood, and
makes bile (which breaks down fats) and some blood proteins.
mouth - the first part of the digestive system, where food enters the body. Chewing and salivary
enzymes in the mouth are the beginning of the digestive process (breaking down the food).
pancreas - an enzyme-producing gland located below the stomach and above the intestines. Enzymes
from the pancreas help in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the small intestine.
rectum - the lower part of the large intestine, where feces are stored before they are excreted
from the body.
small intestine - the long, thin winding tube that food goes through after it leaves the stomach.
stomach - a sack-like, muscular organ that is attached to the esophagus. When food enters the
stomach, it is churned in an acid bath
Heart Glossary:
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aorta - the biggest and longest artery (a blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart) in the body. It carries
oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the body. inferior vena cava - a large vein (a blood vessel
carrying blood to the heart) that carries oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium from the lower half of the body.
left atrium - the left upper chamber of the heart. It receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein.
left ventricle - the left lower chamber of the heart. It pumps the blood through the aortic valve into the aorta.
mitral valve - the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle. It prevents the back-flow of blood from the
ventricle to the atrium.
pulmonary artery - the blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs.
pulmonary valve - the flaps between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. When the ventricle contracts, the
valve opens, causing blood to rush into the pulmonary artery. When the ventricle relaxes, the valves close, preventing
the back-flow of blood from the pulmonary artery to the right atrium.
pulmonary vein - the blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
right atrium - the right upper chamber of the heart. It receives oxygen-poor blood from the body through the inferior
vena cava and the superior vena cava.
right ventricle - the right lower chamber of the heart. It pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery.
septum - the muscular wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart.
superior vena cava - a large vein that carries oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium from the upper parts of the body.
tricuspid valve - the flaps between the right atrium and the right ventricle. It is composed of three leaf-like parts and
prevents the back-flow of blood from the ventricle to the atrium.
Brain Glossary:
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Cerebellum - the part of the brain below the back of the cerebrum. It regulates balance, posture,
movement, and muscle coordination.
Corpus Callosum - a large bundle of nerve fibers that connect the left and right cerebral
hemispheres. In the lateral section, it looks a bit like a "C" on its side.
Frontal Lobe of the Cerebrum - the top, front regions of each of the cerebral hemispheres. They
are used for reasoning, emotions, judgment, and voluntary movement.
Medulla Oblongata - the lowest section of the brainstem (at the top end of the spinal cord); it
controls automatic functions including heartbeat, breathing, etc.
Occipital Lobe of the Cerebrum - the region at the back of each cerebral hemisphere that contains
the centers of vision and reading ability (located at the back of the head).
Parietal Lobe of the Cerebrum - the middle lobe of each cerebral hemisphere between the frontal
and occipital lobes; it contains important sensory centers (located at the upper rear of the head).
Pituitary Gland - a gland attached to the base of the brain (located between the Pons and the
Corpus Callosum) that secretes hormones.
Pons - the part of the brainstem that joins the hemispheres of the cerebellum and connects the
cerebrum with the cerebellum. It is located just above the Medulla Oblongata.
Spinal Cord - a thick bundle of nerve fibers that runs from the base of the brain to the hip area,
running through the spine (vertebrae).
Temporal Lobe of the Cerebrum - the region at the lower side of each cerebral hemisphere;
contains centers of hearing and memory (located at the sides of the head).
A ______________:
Neuron Glossary:
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axon - the long extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses
away from the body of the cell. axon terminals - the hair-like ends
of the axon
cell body - the cell body of the neuron; it contains the nucleus
(also called the soma) dendrites - the branching structure of a
neuron that receives messages (attached to the cell body) myelin
sheath - the fatty substance that surrounds and protects some
nerve fibers node of Ranvier - one of the many gaps in the myelin
sheath - this is where the action potential occurs during saltatory
conduction along the axon
nucleus - the organelle in the cell body of the neuron that contains
the genetic material of the cell Schwann's cells - cells that
produce myelin - they are located within the myelin sheath.
_____________System:
Integumentary Glossary:
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blood vessels - Tubes that carry blood as it circulates. Arteries bring oxygenated blood from the
heart and lungs; veins return oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart and lungs.
dermis - (also called the cutis) the layer of the skin just beneath the epidermis.
epidermis - the outer layer of the skin.
hair follicle - a tube-shaped sheath that surrounds the part of the hair that is under the skin. It is
located in the epidermis and the dermis. The hair is nourished by the follicle at its base (this is also
where the hair grows).
hair shaft - The part of the hair that is above the skin.
hair erector muscle - a muscle is connected to each hair follicle and the skin - it contracts (in
response to cold, fear, etc.), resulting in an erect hair and a "goosebump."
melanocyte - a cell in the epidermis that produces melanin (a dark-colored pigment that protects
the skin from sunlight).
Pacinian corpuscle - nerve receptors that respond to pressure and vibration; they are oval capsules
of sensory nerve fibers located in the subcutaneous fatty tissue
sebaceous gland - a small, sack-shaped gland that releases oily (fatty) liquids onto the hair follicle
(the oil lubricated and softens the skin). These glands are located in the dermis, usually next to hair
follicles.
sweat gland - (also called sudoriferous gland) a tube-shaped gland that produces perspiration
(sweat). The gland is located in the epidermis; it releases sweat onto the skin.
subcutaneous tissue - fatty tissue located under the dermis.
______________System:
Skeletal Glossary:
• 7 cervical vertebrae - 7 vertebrae located in the neck,
below the skull.
coccyx - 4 fused vertebrae located below the sacrum.
5 lumbar vertebrae - 5 vertebrae located below the
thoracic vertebra and above the sacrum.
sacrum - 5 fused vertebrae located below the lumbar region
and above the coccyx.
skull - the bones in the head that protect the brain.
12 thoracic vertebrae - 12 vertebrae in the mid-back,
below the cervical vertebra and above the lumbar
vertebrae.
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System:
Respiratory Glossary:
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bronchial tree - the system of airways within the lungs, which bring air
from the trachea to the lung's tiny air sacs (alveoli).
cardiac notch - the indentation in the left lung that provides room for the
heart.
diaphragm - a muscular membrane under the lungs.
larynx - a muscular structure at the top of the trachea, containing the
vocal cords.
left inferior lobe - the bottom lobe of the lung on the left side of the
body.
left superior lobe - the top lobe of the lung on the left side of the body.
right inferior lobe - the bottom lobe of the lung on the right side of the
body.
right middle lobe - the middle lobe of the lung on the right side of the
body.
right superior lobe - the top lobe of the lung on the right side of the body.
trachea (windpipe) - the tube through which air travels from the larynx to
the lungs.
Urinary Glossary:
• bladder - a hollow organ that stores urine
until it is excreted.
kidney - two bean-shaped organs that take
waste from the blood and produce urine.
ureter - two tubes, each of which carries
urine from a kidney to the bladder.
urethra - the tube that carries urine from
the bladder out of the body.
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