Transcript Arousal Center

Neuroanatomy
Brain Organization
Spinal Cord Anatomy
Dorsal
Ventral
Dorsal Horn: Sensory information in
Ventral Horn: Motor information out
Brainstem
Brainstem:
arousal center (ARAS)
sensory in pathway
motor out pathway
Midbrain
Superior Colliculus
Inferior Colliculus
Pons
REM sleep
Medulla
breathing center
cardiac center
Ascending Reticular Activating System
(ARAS)
Arousal
Center
I. Olfactory
smell
II. Optic
vision
III. Oculomotor
eye movement
IV. Trochlear
eye movement
V. Trigeminal
face movement
mastication
VI. Abducens
eye movement
VII. Facial
face/tongue movement
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
hearing/balance
IX. Glossopharyngeal
taste/swallowing
X. Vagus
parasympathetic NS
XI. Accessory
neck movement
XII. Hypoglossal
tongue movement
swallowing
Cranial Nerves
Cerebellum
Motor Coordination
Fine tuning of:
sensory systems
emotions
learning and memory
Autism
•decreased cerebellum size
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Thalamus
relay station
Hypothalamus
regulation center
Nucleus Reticularis Thalami
NRT:
GABA cells
Gatekeeper
Hypothalamic Nuclei
•hunger/thirst
•blood pressure/heart rate
•blood pressure/shivering
•stress
•sex
•satiety
•memory
•reproduction
•thermoregulation
•circadian rhythms
•reproduction
Limbic System
Emotion
Rewards
Memory
•smell
•aggression
•fear learning
•memory
•recognition memory
•smell recognition?
Limbic System Abnormalities
in Schizophrenia
increased lateral ventricles
Limbic System Abnormalities
in Schizophrenia
Reduced Hippocampus and Amygdala
Normal
Affected
Normal
Affected
Basal Ganglia
Movement
Parkinson’s Disease
•cell death in
•substantia nigra
Cortical Lobes
Frontal:
Strategy and
Planning
Motor area
Parietal:
Somatosensory
area
Temporal:
Audition,
Language
Occipital:
Vision
Cortical Lobe Abnormalities
in Schizophrenia
Atypical Frontal Lobe Structure
•Evidence:
•smaller forebrain
•smaller cerebral cortex
•smaller dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
•fewer cortical neurons
•smaller cortical neurons
•abnormal neuronal development
•neurons remain in white matter
•fail to arrange in neat order
•abnormal CAMs
•less metabolic activity
•hypofrontality
•failure to increase activity following task
•abnormal EEGs