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Chapter 2. Arthrology Guo Ling, MD, PhD Department of Anatomy Section 1 the General Desctiption The synarthroses (immovable articulation) fibrous joints cartilaginous joints synostoses Joint The diarthroses (freely movable articulation、synovial joints） 1) The essential structures of a synovial joint the articular surface the bone ends are covered by hyaline articular cartilage the articular capsule Outer layer---- fibrous membrane Inner layer---- synovial membrane the articular cavity It contains a proper amount of synovia, and its pressure is much lower than the atmosphere pressure. The accessory structures of the synovial joints ligaments articular discs articular labrums synovial flod and bursa The types of joint movement The following terms are used to describe various movements at joints. The gliding movement The flexion and extension The adduction and abduction The rotation The pronation and supination The inversion and eversion The circumduction The types of synovial joints The uniaxial joints The biaxial joints The polyaxial joints Hinge joints Pivot joints Ellipsoidal joint Sellar joint Ball-and-socket joint Plane joint Blood and Nerve Supply of Joints A vascular plexus around the epiphysis provides the joint with a very good blood supply. According to Hiton’s law, the motor nerve to a muscle tends to give a branch to the joint that the muscle moves and another branch to the skin over the joint. The capsule and ligaments are supplied by afferent nerve endings including pain fibres. The synovial membrane contains few pain fibres and there are no afferent fibres in articular cartilage; joint pain is therefore poorly localized. Section 2 The Joints of Trunk Bones I. The articulation of the vertebral column The vertebrae from the second cervical to the first sacral one are articular to one another by a series of cartilaginous joints between the vertebral bodies, and a series of synovial joints between the vertebral arches. I). The joints of the vertebral bodies Anterior longitudinal ligament Posterior longitudinal ligament Intervertebral discs II). The joints of the vertebral arches Zygapophysial joints Ligaments flava Interspinal ligaments Supraspinal ligaments Intertransverse ligaments III). The craniovertebral joints Anterior view Posterior view lateral view The atlantooccipital joints allow foreword bending, backward bending and lateral bending of the head. The atlantoaxial joint The atlantoaxial joints allow the head to turn from side to side. II. Vertebral Column and Its Movements The vertebral column show four marked physiological curvatures in the sagittal plane. The cervical curve The thoracic curve The lumbar curve The pelvic curve Spinal curves Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Vertebral regions Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal The major divisions of the vertebral column, showing the four spinal curves. The development of spinal curvatures III. The Thoracic Joints The costovertebral joints The costotransverse joints The sternocostal joints IV. The Thoracic Cage The movements of the thorax Section 3 the Joints of the Bone of Limbs I) The joints of the upper limb The joints of the girdle of the upper limb The sternoclavicular joint The acromioclavicular joint The joints of the free upper limb The shoulder joint The elbow joint The joints beween ulna and radius The joints of the hand II) The joints of the lower limb The joints of the pelvic girdle The pubic sympysis The sacroiliac joint the pelvis The joints of the free lower limb The hip joint The knee joint The tibiofibular union The joints of the foot Section 4 The Joints of Skull Most bones of the skull are connected by sutures, synchondroses or synostoses. temporomandibular joint Lateral lig. Stylomandibular lig. Mandibular fossa Head of mandible Articular cavity Articular disc Retraction Protraction Elevation depression The movements of the temporomandibular joint OK. THAT’S ALL.